MASTER - APEURO - UNIT 3

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan. Had pessimistic views of human beings in a state of nature. Opposite of John Locke

Henry IV

First King of Bourbon Dynasty. Weakened nobility. Laid foundation for France becoming the strongest European power.

Duke of Sully

Protestant Finance minister of Henry IV. Used Mercantilism, reformed the tax system, and reduced the royal debt.

Foundation of absolutism in France

Began with Cardinal Richelieu, a politique, who began the intendant system which was used to weaken the nobility.

Edict of Nantes

Enforced by Henry IV which allowed religious toleration to Huguenots in France. Later being revoked by Louis XIV

Louis XIII

Received throne at age 9 but his regent and mother took rule until Louis became of age. Sought to weaken Hapsburg Empire with Richelieu

The Fronde

Nobles revolted against Mazarin and demanded to see the 9 year old king asleep in his bed. Louis XIV never trusted nobility again

Edict of Fountainbleau

Revoked the Edict of Nantes previously established by Henry IV. Huguenots lost their right to practice Calvinism and have Calvinistic cities.

Versailles

Louis XIV magnificent palace use to lure nobility in so Louis could keep an eye on them.

Intendants

Was used to weaken nobility made up of middle class employees.

Richelieu

Laid foundation for absolutism in France, began the Intendant system, and hoped to weaken Hapsburg Empire

Siege of La Rochelle

La Rochelle was a major commercial center with ties to northern protestant states like Holland and England. Louis intended to stop it. Protestants retain the right to worship but Cardinal Richelieu celebrated mass in front of Protestants.

Peace of Utrecht

Maintained the balance of power in Europe and ended the expansionism of Louis XIV.

Baroque Art

Reflected the age of absolutism. Sought to teach Catholicism in an emotional way.

French Classicism

Paintings sought to achieve harmony and balance. Focused on classical scenes or biblical scenes.

Mercantilism

State control over a country's economy in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade with other countries

Jean- Baptiste Colbert

Louis' finance minister in which french mercantilism reached its height. His goal was economic self-sufficiency.

War of Spanish Succession

Caused by Charles II's will that gave all Spanish territories to his grandson Louis XIV. Grand Alliance Emerged against France: England, Dutch Republic, HRE, Brandenburg, Portugal, and Savoy. Ended with Treaty of Utrecht

Why did Spain decline so much in the 17th century?

The loss of Moors and Jews, trade fell 60% between 1610 and 1660, and Spanish treasury was bankrupt

James I

Came from Scotland since Elizabeth I left no heir. Believed in divine right of Kings. Damaged the prestige of the monarchy

"No King, No Bishop"

Said this in response to Calvinists who wanted to eliminate system of bishops in the Church of England

Petition of Right

Parliament attempted to encourage the King to grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases.

English Civil War

Charles tried to arrest several Puritans in Parliament but a crowd of 4,000 defended Parliament. Cavaliers supported the King and Roundheads opposed the King.

Oliver Cromwell

A Puritan Independent and military leader of the Roundheads, led his New Model Army to victory

Protectorate

Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector. Dissolved Rump Parliament and allowed Jews to return to England

Glorious Revolution

1688- 1689. James II was forced to abdicate his throne when William and Mary were declared joint sovereigns by Parliament. All happened with minimal bloodshed.

First Prime Minister of Great Britain

Robert Walpole was viewed as the first prime minister of Great Britain.

Why were the Dutch so commercially successful?

They had religious toleration. Calvinists believed in hard work and produced a lot for Holland. Also fished for herring which was the cornerstone of the Dutch economy.

Dutch East India Company

Trading company within the state that dealt in bulk. Traded a lot with Latin America

Why did Dutch decline towards the end of the 17th Century?

The War of Spanish Succession the Dutch saw a significant economic decline.

Hapsburgs

They controlled Austria. Included Naples, Sardinia, and Milan

Pragmatic Sanction

Hapsburg possessions will never be divided again

Leaders of Brandenburg-Prussia and what they did

Frederick William (Great Elector) granted religious toleration, admired Swedish government system.

Frederick I (The Ostentatious) first king of Prussia, founded a university,sought to imitate court of Louis XIV, fought in two wars against Louis XIV. Frederick William I (Soldiers' King) obsessed with tall soldiers (blue boys), established most efficient bureaucracy in Europe, Enforced high levels of taxation. Frederick II (Frederick the Great) most famous Prussian king, increased Prussia's territory

Hohenzollerns

House of Leaders that will rule in Prussia

Junkers

Nobles and landowners who dominated the estates of Brandenburg and Prussia.

Ivan III, Ivan IV

Ivan III ended Mongol domination of Muscovy, struggled with Russian boyars for power. Ivan IV was first to take title of tsar, began westernizing Muscovy, fought unsuccessful wars against Poland-Lithuania, reduced power of boyars

Romanovs

A dynasty that lasted from 1613 to the Russian Revolution in 1917. Consisted of Michael Romanov who favored nobles and reduced military obligations

Time of Troubles

Period of Famine, power struggles, and war following Ivan IV's death.

What was Russia like at the time of Peter the Great?

Peter the Great did not have too many supporters because of his law requiring 25 years in the army. Peter the Great spent most of his resources building an army.

Who built St. Petersburg? Who lived there?

Was built by Peter the Great. Very similar to Versailles. Merchants and artisans were ordered to live in it.

Difference between peasants in the west and east?

West- Could rise in class if contributed to the state.

East- Were bound to the land by serfdom often due to previous family members doings.

Mercantilism

An economic policy where national wealth is measured by gold and silver (bullion), requiring nations to export more than they import.

Bullionism

The core mercantilist belief that a nation's power is directly proportional to its stock of precious metals like gold and silver.

Favorable Balance of Trade

The central goal of mercantilism, achieved by ensuring that the value of a country's exports is greater than the value of its imports.

Role of Colonies in Mercantilism

To serve the mother country as a source of cheap raw materials and a guaranteed market for manufactured goods.

State Intervention in Mercantilism

Governments actively regulated their economies through tariffs, monopolies, and subsidies to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

"Zero-Sum" Game Mentality

The mercantilist idea that global wealth is finite, meaning that for one nation to get richer, another must become poorer.

Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and the Dutch

Formally recognized the complete independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands from Spain, officially ending the Eighty Years' War.

Significance of Dutch Independence

Legitimized the Dutch Republic as a sovereign state, allowing it to engage in international diplomacy and commerce on its own terms.

Dutch Golden Age

A period of unparalleled economic, cultural, and scientific achievement in the Netherlands during the 17th century.

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

A key engine of the Golden Age; a massive, government-chartered trading company that monopolized the spice trade in Asia.

Bank of Amsterdam (1609)

The world's first effective central bank, which provided financial stability and facilitated the massive volume of Dutch international trade.

The Fluyt

An advanced Dutch cargo ship that was cheaper to build and operate, giving Dutch merchants a significant competitive advantage in world trade.

Dutch Religious Tolerance

A policy that, while not total, was unique in Europe and attracted skilled Protestant artisans and Jewish merchants who brought capital and expertise.

Political Structure of the Dutch Republic

A decentralized republic composed of seven provinces, governed by a wealthy merchant oligarchy known as "regents."

Regents

The ruling class of merchants and aristocrats in the Dutch Republic who prioritized commercial interests and political stability over monarchical power.

Dutch Golden Age Art

Characterized by its focus on secular subjects like portraits, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life, commissioned by middle-class patrons.

Genre Paintings

A popular style in Dutch art that realistically depicted scenes from daily life, reflecting the values and interests of the merchant class.

Rembrandt van Rijn

The most famous Dutch Golden Age painter, known for his mastery of light and shadow (chiaroscuro) and his deeply personal portraits.

Johannes Vermeer

Dutch painter celebrated for his intimate and meticulously detailed scenes of domestic life.

Decline of the Dutch Republic

A gradual decline caused by a series of costly wars and increasing economic competition from England and France in the late 17th century.

Anglo-Dutch Wars

A series of conflicts fought between England and the Dutch Republic over control of global trade and colonial possessions.

Navigation Acts

English mercantilist laws designed specifically to undermine Dutch dominance in maritime trade by requiring goods to be carried on English ships.

France's Role in Dutch Decline

The expansionist ambitions and wars of Louis XIV drained Dutch resources and directly threatened the Republic's territory.

Intendant System

A system of French royal officials (intendants) sent to the provinces to enforce the king's will, bypassing the authority of the local nobility.

Purpose of Intendants

To centralize power by overseeing tax collection, military recruitment, and the administration of justice, thereby strengthening the monarchy.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII who greatly expanded the use of the intendant system to consolidate royal power.

Louis XIV, "The Sun King"

The quintessential absolute monarch of France, who centralized all political authority in himself.

Palace of Versailles

An immense, lavish palace built by Louis XIV that served as the center of French government and a tool to control the nobility by trapping them in elaborate court rituals.

"One King, One Law, One Faith"

Louis XIV's motto, reflecting his policy of absolute monarchical power and religious uniformity under Catholicism.

Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)

Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which ended religious toleration for French Protestants (Huguenots) and led to their mass emigration.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV's brilliant finance minister who implemented mercantilist policies to strengthen the French economy and increase royal revenue.

Divine Right of Kings

The doctrine, heavily promoted by Louis XIV, that a monarch's authority is granted directly by God, not by the people.

Peter the Great

The Russian tsar who spearheaded a massive effort to modernize and westernize Russia, transforming it into a major European power.

Westernization of Russia

Peter the Great's policy of forcing the Russian nobility to adopt Western European technology, military organization, and social customs.

Table of Ranks

A system created by Peter the Great that based a person's social status and privileges on their service to the state (in the military or civil service) rather than on their birth.

St. Petersburg

The new capital city built by Peter the Great on the Baltic coast to be his "window to the West."

Great Northern War (1700-1721)

A conflict between Russia and its allies against the Swedish Empire.

Outcome of the Great Northern War

A decisive Russian victory that ended Sweden's status as a great power and established Russia as the dominant force in the Baltic region.

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

A major European war fought to prevent France from uniting the thrones of Spain and France under the Bourbon dynasty.

Cause of the War of Spanish Succession

The will of the childless Spanish King Charles II left the entire Spanish Empire to Philip of Anjou, the grandson of Louis XIV.

Balance of Power Politics

The primary motivation for the Grand Alliance (England, Dutch Republic, HRE) to fight France; the principle that no single nation should be allowed to dominate Europe.

Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

The peace treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession.

Terms of the Treaty of Utrecht

Confirmed Philip of Anjou as King of Spain but forbade the union of the French and Spanish crowns, thereby preserving the European balance of power.

Post-Westphalian Warfare

After 1648, European wars were fought less over religion and more over secular issues like balance of power, dynastic succession, and colonial expansion.

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden and a military genius who revolutionized warfare with mobile artillery and combined arms tactics.

Gustavus Adolphus and the Thirty Years' War

His intervention on behalf of the Protestants was a crucial turning point in the war.

Battle of Vienna (1683)

A battle where a combined army of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth defeated the besieging Ottoman army.

Significance of the Battle of Vienna

It decisively ended the Ottoman Empire's threat to Central Europe and marked the beginning of its long decline.

Louis XIV's Wars: Gloire

A key motivation for Louis XIV's constant warfare was the pursuit of personal and national glory.

Louis XIV's Wars: Natural Frontiers

He sought to expand France's borders to what he considered its defensible "natural" frontiers, such as the Rhine River and the Alps.

Louis XIV's Wars: Weakening the Habsburgs

A central goal of his foreign policy was to diminish the power of his main dynastic rivals, the Habsburgs of Spain and Austria.

Absolutism

Monarch claims absolute power often through divine right; involved the decrease of noble power and the creation of a bureaucracy which directed economic life by forcing tax increases or other means of raising revenue; kings also employed armies and controlled all aspects of gov

Jean Bodin

16th century English writer who was the first to provide a theoretical basis for absolutist states; wrote

during French Civil wars and came to strongly support the divine right of kings; believed only absolutism could provide order

Thomas Hobbes

wrote the Leviathan (1651); claimed that the state of natureal human life was poor before organized society; people contracted a commonwealth of gov to prevent chaos; commonwealth had unlimited, absolute power and subjects were not to rebel

Bishop Bousset

French theologian and court preacher who was one of the chief theorists of divine right monarchy in the 17th century; wrote "Politics Drawn from the Very Words of the Holy Scripture" which supported divine right

Divine right of kings

idea used to support absolutism which held that right to rule comes from God; monarchs were responsible to no one but God (not even parliaments); limits on power only came in fear of God's judgement

First Estate

first class of French society made up of clergy (the church)

Second Estate

second class of French society; had most power; made up of nobles

Third Estate

third and last class of French society; made up of peasants, the urban poor, the working class, the middle class, and the bourgeoisie