Soci 211 Exam 1 Abel

Deviance

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

formal social controls

police, court, degradation ceremony

informal social control

thoughts, looks, "frowned upon"

criminal deviance

roots of criminal were thought to be biological

Functionalist perspective on deviance

failures of social structures to function properly. Criminal behavior reinforces the bondage of conformity, "by seeing negative reactions to bad behavior, it sets others straight"

Conflict perspective on deviance

caused by cultural + class conflict, social hierarchy decides if you are more deviant or not. Rules affect the lower class and push them to be deviant. Criminal Behavior : social class

Interactionist perspective on deviance

view criminal behavior as in what happens because of the groups you are apart of

4 primary principle of formal social control

incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, retribution

incapacitation

attempt to remove person to stop them from more deviance. Ex- prison.

Prison is a classroom for deviance

NOT VERY GOOD

deterrence

being punished will deter them from other acts of deviance and is a statement to those who are thinking about being deviant

NOT VERY GOOD

rehabilitation

take an offender out of the environment and change them to law abiding citizen. DOESN'T WORK

Retribution

revenge, punish offender for what they did wrong, some argue that it continues after prison, no jobs, frowned upon.

MOST SUPPORTED

The system "3 strikes"

Mandatory sentences for repeat offenders

3 felonies = long mandatory sentence

Draconian- sometimes the "3rd strike" isn't a big enough crime to commit mandatory sentence

Plea bargains

process in which the defendant pleads guilty to criminal charges in exchange for a reduced sentence

Victims of plea bargains

poor people. because they dont have the money have $ to fight good lawyers so they have to plea

Societies Reaction

Society deviance as a threat and controls w formal/informal controls

what defines deviance

societies reaction

Ronald Akers

def of deviance

~ Differential reinforcement

~ behavior in a direction that is disapproved of by others

~Positively reinforced or negatively sanctioned

Robert " the magician" Merton

~ status based

~ people who hold contain statuses are expected to behave a certain way

~ behavioral violations

Adaptations to strain: when pathway to success is blocked ----> deviance

Howard Becker

~labeling theory

~individuals are only deviant if they are labeled as deviant

~strongly based on social reactions

~if you do something deviant and no one sees it, you won't be seen as deviant, but you can not do something deviant and be seen as such

Kai Erickson

~social construction

~ no behavior is inherently deviant

~deviance is based on audience perspectives

Robert Franzese

~deviance involves the violation of social norms and encompasses the deviance in behaviors, attitudes, values, among individuals and groups

behavioral EX. -- tattoos, drinking, smoking

what does deviance involve

a violation and encompasses the differences in

~values : lying, cheating

~ attitudes: optimism, mental health

~ lifestyles: homeless, drug dealer, addicts, gambling

~life choices: no college, early marriage, diff identities

Is all crime deviant?

depends on environment but mostly YES

is all deviance crime?

depends on environment but mostly NO

Durkheim

founding father of modern SOCI, pioneer in deviance

~crime and deviance is normal and necessary

~reinforces social norms- if there is no crime how do you know the norms

Positive deviance

raining outside of store and person offers you their umbrella, not normal but positive

Milgram Experiment

obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty.

Ethics

~milgrams study; stanford prison exp; laud humpreys; patricia adler

~ undercover authority investigations vs academic researcher studies

~ human subjects institutional review board

~ research participants may face risks

Laud Humphreys

This sociologist carried out doctoral research on homosexual activity but ran into problems when he misrepresented himself to his research subjects. Although he earned his doctorate degree, he was fired from his position because of his questionable ethics.

Patricia Adler

lady that dated drug dealer and did drugs

undercover authority investigation

legal harm toward subjects

academic research studies

no harm

human subjects IRB

developed to protect undercover study subjects

Validity

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

reliability

study can be replicated over time and place using same data set or instrument

Generalizability

how well the sample represents the population

sample

a subset of the target population

Operationalization

the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study

Research methods

Field study, Survey Research

field study

~ pure observation (no participants, just watching)

~ participant observation : participating in social environment w participants

~involve extensive observing and recording

~ values depth over generalizability

research study

often preferred

~asks a representative group about their beliefs, values, attitudes

convenience sampling: whoever

random sampling: controlled, chosen

~ research design is important

~highly generalizable

~ carefully constructed ?s

~ pretest questions

~ not as much context

true experiment

The only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else; involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome.

quasi-experiment

An experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large. Also called a mixed design.

Context Analysis

~ involves reviewing records of communication

~systematically searching

~ communication source is unlimited

secondary analysis

the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers

social theory

systematic ideas about the relationship between individuals and societies

micro level

study small groups and individual interactions (family)

meso level of analysis

a focus somewhere between very large and very small social phenomena (school)

macro level

a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society (state/ cross national)

Grand theories

tries to explain everything

social theorist

more disciplined theorizing based on works that came before them, add to them, rely on data

Anomie Theory

the view that deviance arises from the incongruences between a society's emphasis on attaining certain goals and the availability of legitimate, institutionalized means of reaching those goals

durkheim

control theories

theories of criminal behavior that emphasize the assumption that humans are born selfish and that their tendencies toward aggression and offending must be controlled

Symbolic Interactionism

everything is a symbol

labelling theory

deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly

shaming

a way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval rather than incarceration

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

differential association theory

theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to

Differential Opportunity Theory

theory stating that in addition to the legitimate economic structure, an illegitimate opportunity structure also exists which is unequally distributed across social classes.

Routine Activities Theory

The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Feminist Theory

a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world

subculture

A group of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations

Social Ecology Theory

The conflicts and problems of urban social life and communities (including fear, unemployment, deterioration, and siege mentality) influence crime rates

Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies

~ macro research

~ social class

~ british subcultures

~ subcults were symbolic

~ glamorized working class

Neotribe

Fitting into a group by the things which you buy/purchase

Mechanical Solidarity (Durkheim)

a type of solidarity stemming from the fact that people all did pretty much the same kinds of work, including hunting, gathering, cooking. More important, people in this type of solidarity have strong collective conscience.

less developed, more homogeneous

repressive law; based on notion of punishment to maintain

Organic Solidarity (Durkheim)

type of solidarity stemming from an increased division of labor. Instead of continuing to do the same sorts of things people began to specialize.

restitute law: contract not filled, you must pay

durkheim vs punishment as a deterrant

argue against it bcs then the law wouldnt punish bcs of gravity of crime

Anomie Theory

The view that anomie results when socially defined goals (such as wealth and power) are universally mandated but access to legitimate means (such as education and job opportunities) is stratified by class and status.

Anomie results in

• Looser social ties

• Less social control

• More social isolation and anxiety

More deviance

Merton anomie theory

explains crime in the US in terms of the wide disparities in income among the various classes

Merton: Social Structure and Anomie

- draws on Durkheim's theory of anomie with some differences

- mismatch between common social goals and the legitimate means to attain those goals

- success defined in terms of accumulation of monetary rewards

- protestant work ethic

- hard work, honesty, education, deferred gratification

- ideology of egalitarianism - we all have an equal shot at it

- the use of force or fraud, more efficient, but forbidden

Conformity

accept goals of success but get it legit

innovation

accept goals of success but get it illegit ( drug dealing, fraud)

ritualism

The rejection of cultural goals but a rigid adherence to the legitimate means of achieving them. ( guy who just go through motions)

rebellion

rejection of success and reject legit means (homeless, drug addicts)

General Strain Theory

1- prevent acehievement of goals ( cant pay bills)

2- remove positive stimuli ( parents leave)

3- present negative stimuli ( abuse, failing grades)

objective strains

( loss of limb) events disliked by most

subjective strains

(divorce) specific to the person who experianced it

degree

severity of strain

frequency

# of times

duration

how long

centrality

threatening core goal

recency

more recent, larger impact

conditioning factors

deviant attitudes, peers, external attributes, self esteem, efficiency, 1000's more

institutional anomie theory (messnar and rosenfield)

economy is most powerful institution

pursuit of american dream fosters anything goes mentality

Delinquent Boys Theory

introduced delinquent subcultures

lower class find more deviance

Skinheads

A member of any of various groups of people, especially young people, who shave their heads and sometimes participate in white-supremacist and anti-immigrant activities.