II. Solid Dosage Forms - POWDERS

POWDERS

Finely divided particles in dry form; Used internally or externally

•Bulk
•Divided

Types of Powders

•Oral
•Dentrifice
•Douche
•Insufflation
•Dusting
•Aerosols
•Poultice

7 Bulk Powders

Oral Powder

Intended to be swallowed

Dentrifice

Powder for cleaning teeth

Douche

Applied into body cavities
Dissolve in warm water
pH 3.5-5

pH 3.5-5

Douche pH

Insufflation

Uses insufflator
Cons: Inaccurate dosing

Dusting Powder

Dropped into the skin by means of sifter-top containers.

Aerosols

Administered with the aid of inhalers.

Poultice

From coarsely powdered herbs.

Divided Powders

AKA: Chartulae, Individualized Powders, Paper Tablets

•Bond Paper
•Vegetable Parchment
•Glassine
•Waxes

4 Types of Paper

Bond Paper

•No moisture resistance
•Opaque

Vegetable Parchment

• Limited moisture resistance
• Semi-opaque, Thin

Glassine

•Limited moisture resistance
•Transparent, Glazed

Waxed

•Waterproof
•Transparent

•Very Coarse
•Coarse
•Moderately Coarse
•Fine
•Very Fine

Powder Particle Size Classification

Very Coarse #
CRUDE DRUGS: 8
CHEMICALS: -

Powder Particle Size Classification:
Very Coarse #
CRUDE DRUGS: ?
CHEMICALS: ?

Coarse #
CRUDE DRUGS: 20
CHEMICALS: 20

Powder Particle Size Classification:
Coarse #
CRUDE DRUGS: ?
CHEMICALS: ?

Moderately Coarse #
CRUDE DRUGS: 40
CHEMICALS: 40

Powder Particle Size Classification:
Moderately Coarse #
CRUDE DRUGS: ?
CHEMICALS: ?

Fine #
CRUDE DRUGS: 60
CHEMICALS: 80

Powder Particle Size Classification:
Fine #
CRUDE DRUGS: ?
CHEMICALS: ?

Very Fine #
CRUDE DRUGS: 80
CHEMICALS: 120

Powder Particle Size Classification:
Very Fine #
CRUDE DRUGS: ?
CHEMICALS: ?

Comminution of Powders

A process of particle size reduction

Micronization

Method of producing finer drug particles under 10 micrometers

•Trituration
•Levigation
•Pulverization by Intervention
•Milling

4 Comminution Methods

Trituration

•Intended to both comminute & mix
•Grinded using mortar & pestle

•Glass
•Porcelain
•Wedgewood

3 Trituration Materials

Glass

Trituration Material for:
Solutions, suspension, ointments

Porcelain

Trituration Material for:
Soft aggregates, crystals

Wedgewood

Trituration Material for:
Crystalline solids

Levigation (nv/ns)

Use of a non-volatile non-solvent
• Forms a PASTE using a levigating agent
• Ex. Mineral oil, glycerin

Pulverization by Intervention (vs)

•Addition of a volatile solvent
•For gummy materials
•Ex. Alcohol + camphor, Ether + iodine pellets

Milling

Use roller mills

•Trituration
•Sifting
•Spatulation
•Geometric Dilution
•Tumbling

5 Powder Mixing Methods

Trituration

• Intended to both comminute & mix
• Ratio: 1:10

Ratio: 1:10

Trituration Ratio

Sifting (np)

•For non-potent substances
•Results in a light, fluffy product

Spatulation (s/np)

•For small amounts of powders & non-potent substances
•Eutectic mixtures

Geometric Dilution (p)

•For potent substances
•Ratio 1:1

Ratio 1:1

Geometric Dilution Ratio

Tumbling

Mixing in a large, rotating chamber