chapter 23 - carbohydrate metabolism

renal threshold

blood sugar level where sugar is not completely reabsorbed by the kidneys

glucosuria

condition where elevated blood sugar levels result in the excretion of glucose in the urine

glycolysis

what process converts glucose into pyruvate?

cellular cytoplasm

where does glycolysis occur?

oxidized to acetyl CoA

what is the fate of pyruvate under aerobic conditions?

reduced to lactate

what is the fate of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?

mitochondria

where is pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA?

after strenuous or long-term muscle activity

when is pyruvate reduced to lactate?

produces enzymes NADH and FADH2

what is the primary purpose of the citric acid cycle?

matrix of the mitochondria

where does the citric acid cycle occur?

acetyl coA

what fuels the citric acid cycle?

when ATP levels are high

when is citric acid cycle activity reduced?

when ATP is low and ADP is high

when is citric acid cycle activity stimulated?

protons and electrons from the oxidation of foods are used to reduce oxygen into water

what is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain?

oxidative phosphorylation

what process helps conserve free energy and works with the electron transport chain to convert ATP into ADP?

2.5 mol ATP

how many moles of ATP are generated for each mol of NADH?

1.5 mol ATP

how many moles of ATP are generated for each mol of FADH?

1 ATP

what is one GTP equivalent to?

chemiosmotic hypothesis

what states that proton flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane during operation of the electron transport chain provides energy for ATP synthesis?

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how many ATP molecules yield from the complete oxidation of one mol of glucose?

glycogenesis

what process is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose?

glycogenolysis

what process of the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

gluconeogenesis

what process is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbonate molecules?

cori cycle

what process converts glucose to lactate in muscle tissue, lactate is converted to glucose in liver, then sent back to muscle?

lower bs levels

what is the function of insulin?

increase bs levels

what is the function of glucagon?

increases bs levels

what effect does epinephrine have on bs?