American History since 1877 Test 2

Reconstruction Governments

Missionaries, Mercenaries, or Mediocrities?

key themes of reconstruction

Schools, railroad, infrastructure

“k.k.k “Corinth Division, “Pine Bluff Retreat. “SPECIAL ORDER NO. 2

“Every man is a judge, and this executes.”

United States of Grant (1869-77)

strong federal authority, Reconstruction efforts, and widespread political corruption.

Albert Parker Murder

kkk in Searcy, everyone shot at this person.

Powell Clayton (AR governor) quote

“Our whole system of gov’t is based upon the rectitude, intelligence, and honesty of the citizen. Wherever these fail, wherever the citizen becomes thoroughly diseased politically, and all obedience to the law is given up. Our institutions become a failure, and they will go out forever in darkness and gloom.”

In 1870, 14% of the U.S. population

The African Americans

What percentage of African Americans lived in former slave states in 1870

90%

“Rutherfraud” B Hayes 1876

House-Senate select committee of 15 (7-7-1)

Problem of Presentism

“like nothing anyone has ever seen before” Rutherford election

Southern methods of processing defeat

from acceptance of “providentialism” to embracing “rebel” identity

The last West

the last image is the most lasting image.

Horace Greely attributed the quote

“Go west, young man, and grow up with the country.”

Trails taken west

Ft. Smith, Arkansas, to Tahoe, California

Trails north and south

Canadian border to the Rio Grande

Magnificent desolation

Great American Desert

driven by religious persecution and the desire to find a safe haven

Brigham Young Great Mormon Migration (1847)

Green gold and Yellow Gold

Oregon Trail and California Gold Rush

Homestead Act (1862)

160 acres, 21 years old, head of household

How long was the commitment to the Homestead Act?

5 years

What must the landowners do under the Homestead Act?

Live on and improve the land.

Little House on the Prairie

Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder

Frontier thesis

shape and shaped by looser social norms and a more merit

Prairie girls to frontier women with the right to ____ in the Wyoming constitution (1869)

vote

trials faced in the homestead act

Heartache-hail-hoppers

Political purpose, not economic

to unite the country/prevent future civil war

Pikes Peak, Colorado where 50k men…

seek their fortunes as “prospectors”

First type of prospector

panning

Second type of prospector

slucing

Third type of prospector

mining

Comstock Lode, Nevada: too much of a good thing

“Crime of ‘73” or Panic of 1873: silver withdrawn from circulation

Ft Laramie Treaty with Sioux

as long as the river flows, the grass grows, and the wind blows.” OR Gold is found

The Cattle Kingdom: 1886-1890

Region of the Great Plains were cow ranching boomed after the civil war

Texas-Rio Grande

Chisholm Trail, Abilene, Kansas

Longhorn Cattle

Open range

The Cowboy was

all of the above

5% of cowboys were?

Eastern Urban

10% of the Cowboys were?

African Americans

15% of cowboys were?

Hispanic

White cowboys were?

Southern former Confederates

Causes of death for cowboys

lung disease, exposure, “range wars”

conflicts in the cattle kingdom

Cowboy gangs vs farmers (nesters) and sheep ranchers

Transcontinental Railroad Act (1862)

Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Hell on Wheels, Leland Stanford

Types of labor in the transcontinental railroad act

Chinese and Irish

Nation United by the meeting of two trains in

Promontory Point, Utah

The “New Frontier”

Space Race (1957-69)

Big Reservation Strategy

Ethnic Segregation/Trail of Tears 1830 (60k relocated)

The Last Indians of the Last West

Horse and warrior culture, 100-200,000

Thoughts of the Indians

The people, our people, original people

Identities of blood and soil

hundreds of tribes, clans, and cultures

The “Horse revolution”

“God dog”

Plains Indian Culture

hunt-forage-fight-father

Walmart on Hooves

the bison

the bison was used for what

resource, management, and technology

Comanche population

26,000 people

Minnesota Sioux uprising (1862) an atrocity and genocide

6,000 whites died and 5,000 Indians

Sand Creek Massacre

Chivington’s attack on a peaceful tribe

Average age at death Illinois Archaic population was

27

Eden Corrupted

myth of the “noble savage” or primitive harmony

very high mortality among Indian what?

infants and children

For horticultural peoples, the demands made by what were those of defense

 inter-tribal warfare 

Little Bighorn 1876

Col. George Armstrong Custer vs Crazy Horse

General Phil Sheridan quote

“These men (the buffalo hunters) have done more to settle the vexed Indian question than the entire regular army has done in the last 30 years. They are destroying the Indians’ commissonary.”

The last “renegade”/ the lasting memory

Apache Chief Geronimo's final surrender (1886)

The last Image: Wounded Knee, South Dakota

Sitting Bull was killed resisting Indian police

Ghost Dance movement and the Ghost Shirt

Religious movement where ancestors’ spirits would return, buffalo would come back, and whites would disappear

William Tecumesh Sherman to U.S. Grant quote

“These men(young bloods of the south) must all be killed or employed by us before we can hope for peace.”

The same strategy from Sherman was used in what 3 wars

all of the above

Committee on the conduct of the war 1864 quote

“As to Colonel Chivington, your committee can hardly find fitting terms to describe his conduct. Wearing the uniform of the U.S., which should be the emblem of justice and humanity; holding the important position of commander of a military district, and therefore having the honor of the government to that extent in his keeping, he deliberately planned and executed a foul and dastardly massacre…he took advantage of their in-apprehension and defensless condition to gratify the worst passions that ever cursed the heart of man.”

Dawes Allotment Act (1887)

Assimilation

Indian Citizen Act 1924

Carlisle Indian School (Pennsylvania)

Jose Barreiro quote

“The driving idea about Native Americans was represented by Colonel Pratt, who was the head of the Carlisle Indian School, and his famous phrase, ‘Kill the Indian, save the man,’ meaning take the culture out of the Indian.”

Comanche Quannah Parker and Pres. Teddy Roosevelt correspondence 1902

“The ropes have been on my hands for many years, and we want to go back to our home.” “When you lived in Arizona, you had a bad heart and killed people…We will have to wait and see how you act.”

Geronimo’s last words, 1909

“I should have never surrendered. I should have fought until I was the last man alive.”

“Useful History”

triumphal and revisionist history

American Indian Movement AIM (1973)

Occupation of Wounded Knee

Damnatio Memoria

“Damnation of memory” (George Orwell)

Silas Soule orders men…

not to participate in the Sand Creek Massacre.

Annual healing run

(Sand Creek to Denver) Cheyenne and Arapaho descendants of survivors

Native American vs Columbus Day

Chicago Columbian Exhibition 10/11/1893

New oreland police chief Hennessey was murdered in 1891

Mass arrest of Italians.

What happened to some of the Italians in New Orleans

First Acquittals, lynching of 11

Happy Columbus Day!

Courtesy of Pres. Harrison

Boston Globe front page headline

“Stiletto rule: New Orleans Arose to Meet the Curse”