B6

What is the study of stereochemistry?,

The study of isomers.

Define isomerism.,"

Same molecular formula, different structure."

What is another name for Constitutional Isomers?,

Structural Isomers.

What do compounds that are Constitutional/Structural Isomers have in common?,

Same molecular formula.

What is different about Constitutional/Structural Isomers?,

Different structure and different connectivity (how atoms are connected to each other).

What characteristic is same for Chain/Skeletal Isomers?,

Molecular formula.

What characteristics are different for Chain/Skeletal Isomers?,"

Structure, parent name, and branching."

What characteristic is same for Positional Isomers?,

Molecular formula and parent name.

What characteristics are different for Positional Isomers?,

Structure and position.

What characteristic is same for Functional Isomers?,

Molecular formula.

What characteristics are different for Functional Isomers?,

Structure and functional group.
"

What type of isomerism is demonstrated by pentane, 2-methylbutane, and 2,2-dimethylpropane (all C5​H12​)?",

Chain/Skeletal Isomers (usually alkanes).

What type of isomerism is shown by 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane (C3​H7​Br)?,

Positional Isomers.
"

What are the common names for Benzene-1,2-diol, Benzene-1,3-diol, and Benzene-1,4-diol (C6​H6​O2​)?","

Catechol, Resorcinol, and Hydroquinone, respectively."

What is the definition of Tautomers?,

Functional isomers that are in a facile interconversion equilibrium.

What is the relationship between the Keto and Enol forms in tautomerism?,

They are Functional Isomers (Tautomers) that interconvert.

Give an example of Functional Isomers.,

Ethanol (an alcohol) and dimethyl ether (an ether).

What is the key difference between Stereoisomers and Constitutional/Structural Isomers?,"

Stereoisomers have the same order of atoms and connectivity, but a different arrangement of atoms in space (configuration)."

What do compounds that are Stereoisomers have in common?,

Same molecular formula and same order of atoms and connectivity.

What is different about Stereoisomers?,

Different arrangement of atoms in space (configuration).

What allows for the interconversion of Conformational Isomers?,

Rotations.

What is a characteristic description of the difference between Conformational Isomers?,"

""Temporary difference."""

Give two examples of Conformational Isomers.,

Ring Conformers and Rotamers.

What is required for the interconversion of Configurational Isomers?,

Breaking bonds.

What is a characteristic description of the difference between Configurational Isomers?,"

""Permanent difference."""

Give two examples of Configurational Isomers.,

Geometric (cis-trans/E-Z) and Optical.

What analytical method is commonly used to determine the conformation of an organic molecule?,

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).

List the four ring forms of Cyclohexane Ring Conformers.,"

Chair, Twist boat, Boat, and Half chair."

Which Cyclohexane conformer has a ring strain of 0 kcal/mol?,

Chair (most stable).

What is the ring strain of the Twist boat conformer?,

5.5 kcal/mol.

What is the ring strain of the Boat conformer?,

7 kcal/mol.

What is the ring strain of the Half chair conformer?,

10.8 kcal/mol.

What is the relationship between ring strain and stability in cyclohexane conformers?,

Increasing ring strain means decreasing stability.

What is the order of stability for the cyclohexane ring conformers?,

Chair > Twist boat > Boat > Half chair.

Cis-Trans isomerism occurs in both organic and what other type of compounds?,

Inorganic compounds.

List two physical properties that are different for cis-trans isomers of a compound.,

Melting point and solubility in inert solvents.

Which geometric isomer is generally less symmetrical?,

Cis.

Which geometric isomer generally has a higher melting point?,

Trans.

Which geometric isomer generally has a higher solubility in inert solvents?,

Cis.

Which geometric isomer is generally more symmetrical?,

Trans.

What is the basis for assigning priority in E-Z nomenclature?,

Atomic number.

What does the Z configuration (like in Z-1-bromo-2-chloro-1-fluoroethene) mean?,

The higher priority groups are on the same side of the double bond.

What does the E configuration (like in E-1-bromo-2-chloro-1-fluoroethene) mean?,

The higher priority groups are on the opposite side of the double bond.

What is the General Formula for Amides?,

RCONH2​.
"

What is a key property of amides, especially cyclic amides?",

Susceptible to hydrolysis.

What are cyclic amides called?,

Lactams.

What are the ring size prefixes for lactams (cyclic amides)?,"

\beta (4-membered ring), \gamma (5-membered ring), and \delta (6-membered ring)."

What are the products of the hydrolysis of an amide (RCONH2​)?,

A carboxylic acid (RCOOH) and an amine (H2​NR2).

What is the Common Name nomenclature for Amides?,

Common prefix + amide.

What is the IUPAC Name nomenclature for Amides?,

Alkan + amide (Alkanamide).

What is the nomenclature for Cyclic Amides (Lactams)?,

Greek prefix + lactam.

What is the IUPAC name for Acetamide (CH3​CONH2​)?,

Ethanamide.

Name three Amide Local Anesthetics mentioned in the notes.,"

Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, and Dibucaine."

What is the General Formula for Thiols?,

RSH.

What is the IUPAC Name nomenclature for Thiols?,

Alkane + thiol (Alkanethiol).

What is the Common Name nomenclature for Thiols?,

Alkyl + mercaptan.

What is the IUPAC name for H3​C-SH?,

Methanethiol.

What is the Common Name for H3​C-SH?,

Methyl mercaptan.
"

What is the IUPAC name for BAL (2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol)?","

Propane-1,2,3-trithiol (using standard modern IUPAC rules, but the note names it 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol)."

What is the General Formula for Thioethers?,

RSR′.

What is the alternative name for Thioethers?,

Sulfides.

What is the Common Name nomenclature for Thioethers?,

Alkyl + Alkyl + sulfide.

What is the IUPAC Name nomenclature for Thioethers?,

Alkylthio + alkane.

What is the IUPAC name for methyl propyl sulfide?,

Methylthiopropane.

What is the General Formula for Thioesters?,

RCOSR′ or RCOOR’.

What is the Common Name nomenclature for Thioesters?,

Alkyl + thio prefix + -ate.

What is the IUPAC Name nomenclature for Thioesters?,

Alkyl + alkane + -thioate (Alkyl alkanethioate).

What is the IUPAC name for methylthioacetate?,

Methyl ethanethioate.

What is the General Formula for Alkyl Halides?,

R-X.

What is the IUPAC Name nomenclature for Alkyl Halides?,

Halogen prefix + alkane.

What is the IUPAC name for 2-bromoethane?,"

Bromoethane. (Note: CH3​CH2​Br is bromoethane, not 2-bromoethane. 2-bromoethane would imply an ethane chain with substitution at C-2, which doesn't exist for an ethane chain.)"

What is the common name/aka for CCl2​F2​ (Dichlorodifluoromethane)?,

Freon R-12.

What is the General Formula for Aryl Halides?,

Ar-X (or R-X where R is aromatic).

What is the IUPAC Name nomenclature for Aryl Halides?,

Halogen prefix + aromatic HC (hydrocarbon).

What is the IUPAC name for an aryl halide with Br attached to a benzene ring?,

Bromobenzene.

What is the General Formula for Acyl Halides?,

RCOX.

What is the IUPAC Name nomenclature for Acyl Halides?,

Alkan + -oyl + halide (Alkanoyl halide).

What is the IUPAC name for an acyl halide with an ethyl group attached to COX?,

Ethanoyl chloride.

What is the functional group present in CH3​COCl?,

Acyl Halide.

What type of drug is Tolbutamide?,

Oral hypoglycemic agent.

What type of drug is Topiramate?,

Anti-epileptic agent.

What is the chemical classification of Tolbutamide?,

Benzylsulfonylurea.

What is the chemical classification of Topiramate?,

Sulfamate substituted monosaccharide derived from D-fructos