STS GENERAL

YUS

1. Utilitarianism

→ Greatest happiness for the greatest number.

• Focus: Overall benefits and least harm.

• Technology should maximize well-being.

Kantian Ethics

Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
→ Follow moral duty and respect human dignity.

• People must be treated as ends, not merely as tools.

• Focus: Duty, dignity, autonomy, and rights.

Aristotelian Ethics

→ Develop good character and virtues.

• Focus: Virtue, purpose (telos), and human flourishing (eudaimonia).

• Technology should help people live balanced and virtuous lives.

Aquinian Ethics

Thomas Aquinas

→ Follow natural law and divine purpose.

• Focus: Truth, justice, moral order, common good, and sanctity of life.

Industrial Revolution

Period of mechanization, factories, steam power, mass production, and major social/economic change.

Renaissance

Period of renewed interest in classical knowledge, humanism, observation, and inquiry.

Ancient Period

Era of early civilizations and major developments in writing, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and engineering.

Prehistoric Period

Period before written history; characterized by early tools, fire, hunting, and agriculture.

Natural Selection

Process in which organisms with advantageous inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's approach to understanding and treating psychological processes through the unconscious mind.

Conscious Mind

Thoughts and experiences of which a person is aware.

Unconsciou

Hidden thoughts, memories, wishes, and conflicts that can influence behavior.

Preconscious

Information that can be brought into conscious awareness.

ID

Instinctive drives and pleasure-seeking part of personality.

EGO

Rational part that deals with reality.

SUPEREGO

Moral and ethical part of personality.

Freudian Revolution

Emphasis on unconscious processes in human behavior.

Darwinian Revolution

Transformation of biology through evolution and natural selection.

Copernican Revolution

Shift from the geocentric to the heliocentric understanding of the Solar System.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

Claudius Ptolemy

Associated with the geocentric model, which placed Earth at the center.

Johannes Kepler

Developed the laws of planetary motion and described planetary orbits as elliptical.

Galileo Galilei

Used telescope observations that supported heliocentrism.

Isaac Newton

Developed laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Charles Darwin

Proposed evolution through natural selection.

Alfred Russel Wallace

Independently developed the idea of natural selection.

Gregor Mendel

Established principles of heredity that became foundations of genetics.

Thomas Henry Huxle

Publicly defended Darwin's evolutionary ideas.

Sigmund Freud

Developed psychoanalysis and emphasized the role of the unconscious mind.