✨A&P 2 Chapter 22 Digestive System

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Food does not normally come in contact with the _____, but they are involved in secretion and digestion.

accessory organs

Which of the following functions of the digestive system allows for food and liquids to pass from one organ to the next?

Propulsion

The _____ covers the abdominal organs like an apron.

greater omentum

The ____ is the space between the lips and cheeks.

vestibule

The ____ of teeth is composed of material most similar to bone.

cementum

The third set of molars are more commonly known as _____.

wisdom teeth

Which of the following organs is part of the alimentary canal?

Esophagus

Motility through the alimentary canal consists of all the following different types except __________.

mastication

What is the main job of the pharynx?

Propulsion

What creates the mesentery?

Visceral peritoneum

What is the first process to occur in the digestive system?

Ingestion

Which of the following is not part of the alimentary canal?

Pancreas

The digestive organs arterial blood supply does not come from the ______.

hepatic portal vein

The main function of the tongue during digestion is to __________.

help turn food into a bolus and push the bolus posteriorly during swallowing

The crown of a tooth is covered by __________.

enamel

The circular arrangement of muscles around an opening that controls the passage of material through the alimentary canal is known as a __________.

sphincter

What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

Hard palate and soft palate

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________.

mouth

As a bolus moves down the esophagus, its movement into the stomach is regulated by the __________.

gastroesophageal sphincter

The layers of the alimentary canal, from innermost to outer layer, are:

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

The _____ forms the outer tissue layer of some abdominal organs.

visceral peritoneum

The three phases of swallowing, in order, are:

voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase.

Saliva is produced by all of the following glands except __________.

esophageal glands

Which of the following features does not increase surface area in the small intestine?

Rugae

The ____ are the smallest folds in the small intestine that create the appearance of a brush border.

Microvilli

The ____ is the terminal portion of the stomach.

pylorus

The _____ of the small intestine facilitate its role in digestion and absorption.

Circular Folds

What are rugae?

folds of the mucosa of the stomach

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Defecation involves the sympathetic nervous system.

Gastric pressure increases and stomach and intestinal contents are propelled in the opposite direction during ____.

vomiting

Place the structures of the large intestine listed in their correct sequence, starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum.

1. right colic flexure

2. sigmoid colon

3. ascending colon

4. transverse colon

5. left colic flexure

6. descending colon

3,1,4,5,6,2

What is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands?

Gastrin

What can we consciously control about the defecation reflex?

Relaxation of the external anal sphincter

The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the _____

taeniae coli

What region of the stomach does food first enter after its passage through the relaxed gastroesophageal sphincter?

Cardia

Which process is a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?

Segmentation

The smell, sight, or even thought of food can activate the ____ of gastric acid secretion in the stomach.

cephalic phase

Which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach?

Duodenum

The most active site for chemical digestion and absorption is the ____.

jejunum

Which section of the large intestine begins at the splenic flexure?

Descending colon

The acid pH of the gastric juice is caused by the secretion of hydrochloric acid from the _____.

parietal cells

The final process to occur in the alimentary canal is __________.

defecation

The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the _____.

taeniae coli

The main functions of the ____ are churning, peristalsis, storage, and chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin.

stomach

____ is a hormone released from the small intestine primarily in response to fatty chyme in the intestinal lumen.

CCK

Bile is produced by the ___ and stored in the ____.

liver; gallbladder

The digestion and absorption of nucleic acids begin __________.

in the small intestine

The _____ ligament is on the ventral surface of the liver and divides the liver into right and left lobes.

Falciform

The acinar cells of the pancreas secrete their exocrine products into small ducts that drain into the __________.

main pancreatic and accessory pancreatic duct

What cells compose the liver lobules?

hepatocytes

Emulsification requires:

bile salts

Chemical digestion breaks down ___ into ____.

carbohydrates; monosaccharides

The majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme ____.

pancreatic lipase

Damaged hepatocytes will impair:

bile production

Within the enterocytes, lipids are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged into ______.

chylomicrons

Which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins?

Large intestine

The portal triad of the liver contains all the following structures except __________.

hepatic sinusoids

The _____ carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions.

pancreatic duct

Which of the following ducts does not transport bile?

Accessory pancreatic duct

The liver carries out all of the following functions except __________.

glucagon secretion

Bile release from the gallbladder is stimulated by the hormone __________.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

The process by which bile breaks up large fat droplets into smaller ones is called __________.

emulsification

The acidic chyme is neutralized as it enters the small intestine by ____.

pancreatic juice

lacteals

absorb the products of fat digestion

In which portion of the alimentary canal is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile?

Duodenum

What is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum?

Bile

Which of the following sequences is the correct flow of blood through the liver to the inferior vena cava?

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein - portal triad - hepatic sinusoids - central vein - hepatic vein

Which of the following is not a lobe of the liver?

Falciform ligament

Which of the following proteolytic enzymes is not found in pancreatic juice?

Pepsin

The digestion and absorption of nucleic acids begin

In the small intestine

Dietary fats are emulsified by a fluid produced by which accessory organ?

Liver

The pancreas is stimulated to release its secretions by ___.

secretin

The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct unite to enter the duodenum at the ____.

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose?

Lactase

Which of the following actions best exemplifies enzymatic hydrolysis?

Nutrient Breakdown

Which of the following is an organ of the alimentary canal?

esophagus

Which of the following is NOT a major job of the digestive system?

manufacturing blood cells

The layer identified with a question mark is __________.

dentin

During the swallowing reflex __________.

the epiglottis closes off the glottis

Which of the following catalyzes carbohydrates in the mouth?

Salivary amylase

The __________ cells of the stomach produce and secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl).

parietal

What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum region of the small intestine?

Pyloric Sphincter

Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?

absorption

What is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)?

GIP inhibits acid secretion from parietal cells.

What prevents bacteria and materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum of the small intestine?

ileocecal valve

What is the final segment of the small intestine?

ileum

Which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?

segmentation

Voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter that triggers defecation is controlled by the __________.

cerebral cortex

What is NOT a major function of the normal flora of the large intestine?

inhibit the immune system

Hormone released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids in the duodenum

secretin

Hormone released by the duodenum in response to lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone produced by a diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cell of the stomach to inhibit acid secretion by the stomach

somatostatin

Hormone produced by a diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cell of the stomach called a G cell

gastrin

Hormone produced by the duodenum to reduce acid secretion by the stomach

gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)

The gallbladder is located on the posterior side of the:

Liver

Gallstones may block the flow of bile from the gallbladder by becoming lodged in the:

cystic duct

Most digestive enzymes catalyze __________ reactions.

hydrolysis

A molecule of glucose being absorbed in the small intestine will first be transported __________.

across the apical membrane of enterocytes

The enzyme salivary amylase catalyzes the reactions that break polysaccharides into oligosaccharides in this organ

mouth

The enzyme pepsin catalyzes reactions that digest proteins in this organ

stomach