School Psychology Praxis

(Nasp Ethical Principle 1) Respecting the Dignity and Rights of All Persons

Self determination and autonomy
Privacy and Confidentiality
Fairness and Justice:

(Nasp Ethical Principle 2) Professional Competence and Responsibility

Beneficence
Competence
Responsibility

(Nasp Ethical Principle 3) Honesty and Integrity in Professional Relationships

A psychologist client relationship is a fiduciary relationship- one based on trust

(Nasp Ethical Principle 4) Responsibility to Schools, Families, Communities, the Profession, and Society

Respect law and ethics
Maintain public trust
Contribute by mentoring, teaching, and supervision
Contribute to knowledge base

10 Ammendment (Education)

Under the 10th amendment, state governments have assumed the duty to educate, the power to tax citizens to fund education, and the power to compel school attendance
Federal government can exert power by funding programs

13 eligibility categories

1. Autism
2. Deaf-Blindness
3. Deafness
4. ED
5. Hearing Impairment
6. ID
7. Multiple Disabilities
8. Orthopedic Impairment
9. OHI
10. SLD
11. SLI
12. TBI
13. Visual Impairment including Blindness

14th Ammendment (Education)

Because education is left to the states, the federal court cannot intervene in the resolution of conflicts within the school, unless they sharply implicate basic constitutional values

Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory

By watching the behavior of others, people learn novel responses without having had the opportunity to make the responses themselves.

Alfred Binet

pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the U.S. because it was too culture-bound (French)

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.

Autonomy

ability to take care of oneself and make one's own decisions

B.F. Skinner

Suggested that children actively work for rewards and avoid punishments
Proponent of behaviorism

Background Data sources

Student files and records
Staff interviews and comments about the student
Medical records and reports
Review of previous interventions
Developmental history

BASC-3

designed to facilitate classification of a variety of emotional and behavior disorders ( given to parent and teacher)

Behavioral model of consultation

- This empirically-based model is solution focused and collects data to effect behavior change in a person.
- Goal: reduce frequency of undesirable behavior by altering relationship between student behavior and environment.
- This model prepares consultee to deal with similar future problems.
- Basic Steps - (1) Identify problem, (2) Implement plan, (3) Monitor effectiveness, (4) Evaluate and make needed changes to plain.

Beneficence

Doing good or causing good to be done

Board of Ed of Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley (1982)

First case to attempt to define appropriate education
An education reasonably designed to benefit the student, not the best possible or most perfect education

Brown v board (1952-1954)

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

Most recent that incorporates g, gf, gc, and specialized abilities into a hierarchical model of cognitive abilities and intelligence

Charles Spearman (G factor)

the notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability (G)

Civil Rights Acts of 1871

granted all citizens right to sue in federal court if they feel they have been deprived of some civil right

Client centered consultation

Goal is to help client.
(When supervisor suggests plan of action for one of your clients.)

Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)

based on planning, attention, simultaneous and successive PASS theory of intelligence. This measure does a good job of predicting academic success.

Confidence Interval

statistical range, with a given probability, that takes random error into account
Helps user estimate range in which an examinee's true score would fall, given their obtained store

Confidentiality

an explicit promise or contract to reveal nothing about an individual except under conditions agreed to by the source or subject

construct-related validity

the extent to which the test may be said to measure a theoretical construct or trait

Consultee-centered consultation

Goal is on helping the consultee develop improved techniques or skills.
(Supervisor suggests better way for you to implement a technique.)

convergent validity

scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct

criterion-referenced test

Individual's performance is measured against mastery of curriculum criteria rather than other students

criterion-related validity

Test validity that is estimated by correlating subjects' scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test.

Critical period for language

the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful

Cronbach's alpha

An indicator of internal consistency reliability assessed by examining the average correlation of each item (question) in a measure with every other question.

Strength guidelines (0.9 and up for education and clinical applications)

Curriculum Based Measurement

frequent measurement comparing a student's actual progress with an expected rate of progress on proficiency with core academic skills

Curriculum-Based Assessment

The appraisal of student progress by using materials and procedures directly from the curriculum taught.

Diane v. State Board of Education (1970)

California was ordered to correct biases in assessment procedures used with culturally and linguistically diverse students

discriminant validity

A valid test should be able to discriminate between students who have the trait being measured and those who do not

Divergent Validity

demonstrated by showing little or no relationship between the measurements of two different constructs

Duration Recording

recording the elapsed time during which a behavior occurs

Duty to protect/warn

the principle that therapists must break confidentiality in order to protect a person who may be the intended victim of a client

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

1965 - Provided federal funding for primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education.
2001- No Child Left Behind
2015- Every Student Succeeds Act

Emotional Disturbance (ED)

Inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors including inability to maintain interpersonal relationships, inappropriate behaviors or feelings, depression, schizophrenia, and fears associated with school problems.

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; developed theory of psychosocial development

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma

Ethical Problem Solving Model

Describe the parameters of the situation
Define the potential ethical-legal issues involved
Consult ethical and legal guidelines and district policies
Evaluate rights, responsibilities, and welfare of all affected parties
Generate a list of alternative decisions possible for each issues
Enumerate the consequences of making each decision
Short-term,ongoing, and long-term consequences
Consider evidence that consequences or benefits will actually occur
Make the decision

Exception to Zero Reject Principle

Parents now have the ultimate choice as to whether their child will receive SPED services (If parents disagree, the no is the the controlling decision)

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

face /content validity

Extent to which individual measures' content match the intended concept's definition.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974

Defines educational records
Right to inspect and review records
Right to confidentiality of records
Right to Request ammendment of records
Right to make a complaint

Ferpa Educational Records Exceptions

Mental health or health records made by a doctor if the student is over 18
Papers graded by other students before they are collected and recorded by a teacher
Records by school based law enforcement
Directory info
Private records made as a personal memory aid that are not accessible to other people

Fidelity

faithfulness

Five main sources of assessment error

Respondent
Time
Domain
Setting
Readability/difficulty

fixed ration reinforcement

reinforcement occurs only after a fixed number of responses

Four types of assessment accommodations

Presentation (e.x.Repeat directions, read aloud)
Response (e.x. Mark answers in book, point to answers)
Setting (e.x. Separate room, special lighting)
Timing (e.x. Extended time, frequent breaks, multiple days)

Frequency or event recording

Record the number of behaviors that occurred during a specific period

Ga

auditory processing
recognizing similarities and differences among sounds and recognizing degraded spoken words such as words with sounds omitted or separated

Gc

Crystallized Ability
Refers to the application of acquired knowledge and learned skills to answer questions and solving problems that present broadly familiar materials and processes

Gf

Fluid intelligence/reasoning:
-The use of deliberate and controlled mental operations to solve novel on the spot problems (i.e., tasks that cannot be performed automatically).

Glr

long term storage and retrieval

Gs

Processing Speed
The ability to complete a task quickly and accurately

Gsm

short term memory

Guadalupe Organization, Inc. v. Tempe Elementary School District (1972)

Ruled that assessments must be in native language but also ruled that assessment must include adaptive behavior and interview with the parents

Guidelines for distinguishing language differences from disorders

1. Disorder must be present in both languages
2. Testing must be done in the native or strongest language
3. Must use both formal and informal measures and contexts
4. Patterns of language usage must be described and error patterns must be determined
5. Child's language performance must be compared to other bilingual speakers of similar backgrounds

Gv

visual processing

halo-effect bias

Bias that occurs when an interviewer bases a positive assessment on a single characteristic and allows it to overshadow other, negative characteristics.

Hobson vs. Hansen (1967, 1969)

Schools must provide educational opportunities despite a family's socio-economic status. Current system of ed compromised black and poor pop the right to equal educational opportunity

How often should tests be renormed?

No more than every 10 years

Howard Gardner

devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

ICEL

stands for instruction, curriculum, environment and learner

it is also a part of ecological assessment

IDEA Part B

covers children and young adults with disabilities ages 3-21

IDEA Part C

part of federal law that outlines services for
birth to 3 students with disabilities, early
intervening services

IEP team required members

Parents
Gen Ed Teacher
Special Ed Teacher
Administrative Designee

immediacy

Consequences should occur immediately after the behavior to be an effective reinforcement

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (Originally Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975)

IEP
Protection in evaluation procedures
Education in the least restrictive environment (LRE)
Due process rights

Informed Consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Three elements: knowing, competent, voluntary

intellectual disability

Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance

interrater reliability

the degree to which different observers agree on their observations

Strength guidelines: 0.6 parent, 0.5 teacher, 0.4 child/adult

Interval Data

Differences between values can be found, but there is no absolute 0. (Temp. and Time)

ipsative scoring

comparing a test taker's score on one scale within a test to another scale within that same test (strengths and weaknesses)

Jean Piaget

Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good

John Locke

Tabula Rasa (Children are born as blank slates and are guided by their senses and the people around them)

Larry P. v. Riles (1971-1979)

This case was brought by plaintiffs on behalf of African-american children who were disproportionately enrolled in EMR classes in san Francisco school system. Based primarily on the testimony of experts, the judge handed down the opinion that "IQ tests are racially and culturally biased (and) have a "discriminatory impact on black children" and enjoined the San Francisco public schools from using them to place black children in EMR classes.

Latency Recording

Specify when to start recording (at the onset or the offset of the stimulus).
Specify when to stop recording (at the beginning or end of the response cycle).

Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

His theory is similar to Piaget's theory, but he focuses on one aspect of cognition - Moral Reasoning.

How people come to judge situations as right or wrong using three stages of development

1st Preconventional level of moral development. (Avoiding punishment)

2nd Conventional level of moral development. (Conformity to social norms)

3rd Postconventional level of moral development. (High ethics and moral principles of conscience)

Least Dangerous Assumption

In absence of conclusive data, make educational decision based on assumptions that, if incorrect, will have the least dangerous effect on the student

Least Restrictive Environment

a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn

Lev Vygotsky

child development. investigated how culture and interpersonal communication guide development. known for zone of proximal development and play research

Major assessment domains for special education

Cognitive
Achievement
Communication
Motor Skills
Adaptive skills
Social, emotional, and behavioral functioning
Sensory processing

Manifest determination

Determining whether a student's misbehavior is a manifestation of disability. Unfair to punish student for engaging in a misbehavior that is part of a disability.
Conducted within 10 days of decision of change or placement

Maria Montessori

Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

Mills v Board of Education of District of Columbia (1972)

Required schools to provide a free and suitable public education for all children regardless of the degree of the child's mental, physical, or emotional disability or impairment

Required schools to provide a proposal outlining a suitable education plan, and set limits on use of disciplinary suspensions and expulsions for children with disabilities

Momentary Time Sampling

a measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals

Morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning. may be a word or part of a word

NASP Principles for Professional Ethics

1. Respecting the dignity and rights of all person
2. Professional Competence and Responsibility
3. Honesty and Integrity in Professional Relationships
4. Responsibility to Schools, Families, Communities, the Profession, and Society

Nativism (Noam Chomsky)

Children have a built in mechanism (a language acquisition device) that enables them to learn complex aspects of language in a very short time
Children have the basis for a Universal Grammar, which is a set of rules that every language embodies (noun, verb)

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

Nominal Data

Data which consists of names, labels, or categories.

Nonmaleficence

duty to do no harm

norm-referenced tests

a test is norm-referenced when students are measured in relation to other students, in other words, a "norm"

Ordinal Data

a type of data that refers solely to a ranking of some kind