medical term chapter 15

Bone Process

enlarged areas that extend out from bones and serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Bone head

rounded end of a bone

Condyle

rounded knuckle-like process, at the end of a bone

Epicondyle

small rounded process above the condyle

Trochanters

large and small processes for tendon attachments on the femur

Tuberosity

Round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on the humerus, calcaneous (heel bone) and pelvis

Fissure

narrow groove or slit-like opening

Foramen

Opening for blood vessels and nerves

Fossa

shallow cavity in or on a bone

Sinus

hollow cavity within bone

Ethmoid bone

supports nasal cavity and eye sockets

Frontal bone

forehead; part of eye sockets

Occipital bone

back and base of skull

Parietal bones

top and sides of skull

Sphenoid bones

base of skull and behind eyes (bat-shaped bone)

Temporal bones

Lower sides and back of skull

Lacrimal bones

corners of each eye

Mandible

lower jawbone

Maxillae

upper jawbones

Nasal bones

bridge and septum of nose

Vomer

Nasal septum (thin, flat bone)

Zygomatic bones

cheek bones

Acetabulum

rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint

Acromion

outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle

Bone

dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton. Examples are long bones (femur), short bones (carpals), flat bones (scapula), and sesamoid bones (patella)

Bone Depression

opening or hollow region serving as a connective for bones, or as passageways for blood vessels and nerves

Bone Depression

opening or hollow regions serving as connections between bones or passageways for blood vessels and nerves

Yellow bone marrow

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity shaft

Xiphoid Process

helps with the process of breathing and located in the lower portion of the sternum

Metaphysis

flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis of the bone and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone

Ligament

fibrous, connective bands binding bones to other bones- supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint

Cancellous bone

spongy or trabecular bone that is made up of bony fibers that are like a spongy latticework in the inner part of a bone

Osteoclast

bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue

Fontanelle

soft spot between skull bones of an infant

Scoliosis

where the spinal cord is bent abnormally to the side

Kyphosis

happens because of osteoporosis, "hunchback", this condition puts pressure of the spine which reduces a person's height and stances

Myelopoiesis

formation of bone marrow

Osteitis

inflammation of a bone "Paget's disease" - affects the growth of new bone or replacement bones in adults. Leads to enlarged, weak, and easily breakable bones.

Decalcification

loss of calcium from bones

Patella

knee cap

Osteoporosis

pore or passage in the bone decrease in bone density (mass)- the bone has a lot of holes in it, not enough support thinning and weakening of bone

Polymyositis

symmetric disorder of muscle weakness and pain

Articular Cartilage

a smooth, strong, and silk white tissue that cushions the joint and allows it to move smoothly and efficiently

Pronation

act of turning the palm down

Ganglion cyst

fluid filled sac arising from the joint capsule or tendons- treat by removing the fluid from the cyst common in the wrist

Fibromyalgia

pain and stiffness in the muscles and fibrous tissue, especially shoulders, neck, hips, and knees

Asthenia

lack of strength

Simple fracture

bone broken but no open wound in skin

Crepitus

the crackling or grating sound caused by the bone or bones and cartilage rubbing against each other- due to: wear tear of age, broken bones, immobility

Hyperkalemia

condition of high concentration of potassium in blood

Haversian Canals

a system of small canals that contains blood vessels and brings oxygen and nutrients and remove waste (like carbon dioxide)

Spondylolisthesis

the forward slipping of a vertebra over another

Chondrosarcoma

cancerous tumor of cartilage. The root sarc indicates the tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue

Arthrodesis

surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement

leiomyosarcoma

the malignant tumor of a smooth muscle

Spinal Muscle Atrophy (SMA)

when the muscle degenerates due to nerves in the spinal cord

epiphysis

the end of the long bone

Carpal bones

the bones found in the wrist & ankle

irregular

these bones are small & irregular

Bone Density Test

low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass

Arthroscopy

visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor

Bone Scan

Uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone

Arthrocentesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

Serum Calcium

measurement of calcium level in serum

AKA

above knee amputation

ROM

range of motion

RA

rheumatoid arthritis

Fx

fracture

ANA

antinuclear antibody: indicator of systemic lupus erythematosus

DEXA

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry- which test bone mineral density

OA

osteoarthritis

Ca

calcium

IM

intramuscular

NSAID

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

often prescribed to treat musculoskeletal disorders

spinal process

bony projection of the poster (back) of each vertebra

transverse process

small bone on each side of the spinal process

lamina

lays between the transverse and spinal process which helps provide support and protection for backside of the spinal cord

neural/spinal cord canal

the space between the vertebrae body and the arch through which the spinal cord passes

intervertebral disk

pad of the vertebra between body of the vertebra beneath it

facet joints

connect 4 bones between the spine

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7 of the vertebral column

Thoracic vertebrae

Th1-Th12 of the vertebral column

lumbar

L1-L5 of the vertebral column

the lumbar

strongest and largest of the vertebral column

Calvin collar bone

one on each side they connect the breastbone

scapula

sternum to each shoulder blade

scapula shoulder blade

where the scapula and the clavicle meet

AC joint

Acromioclavicular

sternum

breast bone

sternum

flat bone extending ventrally down the midline of the chest

sacrum

bottom of the vertebral column

sacral vertebrae

sacrum also known as

sacral vertebrae (sacrum)

in an adult these bones are fused this does not happen till late teens

coccyx

bottom bottom of the vertebral column

coccyx

also known as tailbone

coccyx (tailbone)

does not fuse from the four bones together till late teens

Manubrium

upper portion of the sternum

Manubrium

what carries the greatest physical load of the sternum

xiphoid process

the lower portion of the sternum