Bioengineering- metabolic and neurological disease

metabolic disease

disease or disorder that disrupts the metabolic processes of converting food into energy at a cellular level

autosomal recessive

a recessive gene not usually expressed

transcription

making an RNA copy of DNA sequence by unzipping it and making a copy of one side

translation

cell reads the mRNA and the ribosome uses it to build a chain of amino acids (protein)

rate of metabolic disease

1 in 3,000 babies

metabolic syndrome

metabolic disease gained over time

HDL vs. LDL

good lipids vs. bad lipids

problems from genetic metabolic disease

• intellectual disabilities

• seizures

• decreased muscle tone

• organ failure

• blindness/deafness

problems from acquired metabolic disease

• systemic inflammation

• obesity

• intestinal leakage

• microbial inbalance

• high blood pressure/triglycerides

• low HDL

• insulin resistance

medulla

• connects brain to spinal chord

• Breathing

• Heart rate – helps control heartbeat and blood pressure.

• Blood vessel function

• Swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting

• Digestion

Pons

1. A bridge between medulla and rest of brain

2. Sleep regulation

3. Breathing

4. Sensory roles - hearing, taste and balance etc.

5. Facial movement

Midbrain

1. Eye movement control

2. Auditory processing

3. Motor control/balance

4. attention and alertness

5. Pain modulation

6. transfers signals from PNS to brain

cerebellum

• refines movement

• Coordination of movement

• Balance and posture

• Muscle memory and learning

• Timing and rhythm

• Cognitive functions

hypothalamus

1. hormone and unconscious activity control center

2. homeostasis

3. Regulates body temperature

4. Controls hunger and thirst

5. Manages sleep cycles

6. Coordinates emotional responses

7. regulates bodily fluids

thalamus

• condense stimuli into one sensation

• processing and transmitting info

• Sensory and motor signal relay

• focus

• Pain perception

• Sleep-wake regulation

cerebrum

• 80% of brain and left + right spheres

• fissures to increase surface area

• Voluntary movement

• Interprets senses

• Language and communication

• Thinking, reasoning, memory

• Emotions and personality

frontal lobe

• high-level brain functions

• primary motor cortex

• Voluntary movement

• Problem solving, memory, speech, attention

• Impulse control and judgment

• Emotional regulation

temporal lobe

• primary auditory cortex

• interprets sensory info

• Language comprehension

• Memory

• Emotional responses

• Facial and object recognition

parietal lobe

• primary sensory processing (pain, pressure, temp. touch)

• Spatial awareness

• movement

• logical thinking

• Attention and focus

occipital lobe

• primary visual cortex

• Spatial awareness

• Color recognition

Broca’s area

• Speech production

• Language processing

• Writing

motor strip

initiates purposeful movement (in frontal lobe)

sensory strip

detects pain, touch, temp (in parietal lobe)

meninges

3 membranes surrounding brain and spinal chord, provide support and hold spinal fluid

Dura mater

• attaches brain to skull and spine to spinal chord

• provides protection

• drainage of blood

Arachnoid mater

• like a cobweb

• arachnoid trabeculae - the strings

• suspends brain in place

• space between has spinal fluid

Pia mater

• follows brain contours

• barrier/protection

• secretion and storage of spinal fluid

• blood vessels attach here

epidural space

space between dura mater and spine

lumbar cistern

space where there is no spinal chord

3 types of concussion

1. direct impact

2. acceleration-deceleration

3. blast

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31

ventral

front

dorsal

back

plexuses

groups of nerves

quadriplegia

all four limb paralysis

C1-C4 injuries

quadriplegia, lack of bladder and bowel control, diaphram paralysis

C5-C8 injury

paralysis of lower limbs, partial paralysis of upper limbs

T1-T12 injuries

lower limb paralysis

L1-L5 injuries

some functional loss in lower limbs

sacral injuries

issues feeling, small functional loss

ascending tracts of neurons

bringing info to the brain

descending tracts of neurons

carrying info away from the brain

dendrites

receives signals

axon

moves signals along body of neuron

axon terminal

passes on signals

Schwann cells

generate the myelin sheath

myelin sheath

speeds up and protects signals

6 types of neurological disease

1. tumors or trauma

2. cerebrovascular issues: strokes, migraines

3. bacterial, fungal, viral infection: meningitis

4. degenerative: alzheimer’s

5. development disorders: exposure to chemicals during development, down’s syndrome

6. seizure disorders

what is a seizure

multiple cell misfires at once

plaque build up in brain leads to _____

alzheimer’s

neurotoxicity

when a substance alters the nervous system

what do extremely high or low expressed genes mean

they mean a problem because extremes=problem

what do genes expressed in multiple cells mean

they could be normal cell genes or “housekeeping” like reproduction or production of proteins