Bio 2 Exam 1

synapomorphy

a trait that defines an evolutionary group because it’s shared by members of the group and inherited from a common ancestor

synapomorphy traits in plants

photosynthesis, selective response, high-surface-area to volume ratio, anchored

photosynthesis

plants turn light into energy

equation for photosynthesis

6CO₂+6H₂O —> glucose + 6O₂

selective response

not passive, sense + respond to stimuli even without a nervous system

high-surface are to volume ratio

absorb through the surface, more surface area means more absortion

anchored

plants are rooted in place

taxonomy

classification where groups get more exclusive

binomial nomenclature

uses genus and species to classify

phylogeny

true evolutionary relationship between organisms

phylogenetic trees

used to reconstruct evolutionary histories

phylogenies are always

hypothesis

root

common ancestor

branches

lineages from common ancestor

nodes

where lineages separate

monophyletic clade

every member traced to a single common ancestor

paraphyletic clade

leaves out some descendants

paraphyletic clades won’t have

synapomorphy

phylogenic trees try to group

homologies

derived trait

evolved from earlier condition

homoplasies

shared traits due to factors outside evolution

convergent evolution

similar traits in different lines because of environmental factors

3 branches of life are from

one common ancestor

3 branches of life include

archaea, bacteria, eukaryota

which branches of life are prokaryotic

archaea and bacteria

which branches of life are more closely related?

archaea and eurkaryota

photoautotrophs

organisms that carry out photosynthesis to make their own carbon compounds

photosynthetic prokaryotes that were first to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

cyanobacteria

filamentous cyanobacteria use _________ for nitrogen fixation

heterocyst

nitrogen fixation

nitrogen gas —> ammonium, nitrite, nitrate

Cyanobacteria evolved

3.5 billion years ago

Heteroplasts don’t have

chlorophyll

endosymbiotic theory

an archaen engulfed a cynobacterium, which can occur in chains, which lead to chloroplast and the mitochondria

Proof of endosymbiosis

• chloroplast has own DNA (replicated independently)

• DNA is single, circular chromosome

  • so do prokaryotic genomes

• have double double membrane

Primary EDnosymbiosis

1. archaeon engulfed a cynobacterium

2. internal bacteria passed down generationally

3. origin of the chloroplast

plants are a ______ characterized by ____________ who derived from ______________________

clade, chloroplasts, primary endosymbiosis

plant clade includes

red algae, glaucophytes, chlorophytes, charophytes, land plants

photosynthesis is or is not a synapomorphy of all plants?

is not

Secondary Endosymbiosis

large eukaryotic host engulfed smaller algal cell

Tertiary

a secondary endosymbiosis cell is engulfed

Secondary and Tertiary endosymbiosis led to

green algal chloroplasts, red algal chloroplasts

when a eukaryote engulfs an _____, ___ membranes result

alga, 4

4 memberanes after eukaryote engulfs alga are

2 from chloroplasts, 1 from alga’s plasma membrane, 1 from engulfing event

dinoflagellates are sometimes the result of

tertiary endosymbiosis

Red algae are characterized by

phycoerythrin

phycoerythrin is a _____ that absorbs ________ and extends range of ____________

pigment, green light, photosynthesis

Chlororplasts contain _____________________ cartenoids

Chlorophyll A+

Glaucophytes

retained peptidoglycan layer

Coralline, a type of _____________, is high in _____________, so it preserves ___, and acts as _______

red algae, calcium carbonate, well, food

Key synapomorphies of green plants include

Chlorophyll A+B, store sugars as starch

green plants include

chlorophytes, charophytes, coleochaetophytes, agal, land plants

green algae is not

monophyletic, not a clad e

green algae includes

chlorophytes, charophytes, coleochaetophytes

chlorophytes could be ______ or _______

unicellular, colonies

chlorophytes can be found in

fresh water, salt water, moist land habitats

streptophytes don’t have

phycloplasts

phycloplasts are _______ that keep ______ nuclei _________

microtubules, daughter, together

streptophytes have _________

phragmoplast

phragmoplast pushes _________ nuclei _________

daughter, apart

plasmodesmata are _______ that _____ from one cell to the _______, enabling

pores, run, next, rapid signaling

plants use ___________ to communicate

plasmodesmata

Oogamy

human reproduction in plants

Plant adaptations that allowed them to transfer to land include

cuticle, stomata, UV-absorptive pigments, spores with thick walls, mutualistic associations with fungi, multicellular gametangia, embryos, alternation of generations

cuticle is the _____ lipid ______ to protect against __________

waxy, coating, evaporation

stomata are

openings where plants exchange gasses, sensitive to environmental conditions

UV- absorptive pigments are _____ that ______ from ___________

cartenoids, protect, excess light

flavonoids ________ UV and ________ reflective patterns for _______

absorb, create, pollinators

all phtotsyntheic plants have __________ in the center

Chlorophyll-A

What do accessory pigments do?

absorb what chlorophyll A cannot

accessory pigment for red algae

phycoerythrin

accessory pigments for land plants

Chlorophyll B and anthocyanins

accessory pigments absorb

what chlorophyll cannot

land plants have walls that contain ________________

sporopollenin

Sporopollenin

resists decay and is not found in the water

land invasion iccured

480 mya

mycorrhizae

mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots

What is the exchange in mutualistic associations?

fungi gather minerals and water from the soil and in return the plants supply them with glucose

What do ectomycorrhizal fungi do?

wrap around the root, expanding surface area

What do vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae do?

penetrate into the root cells

gametangia are ________ organs that produce ______-

multicellular, gametes

Archegonia

female gametangia

How do archegonia produce eggs?

mitosis

Archegonia serves as

fertilization site

antheridia

male gamete

antheridia produces

swimmer sperm

gametangia protects organs from

drying out

embryos

tiny diploid plants nourished by cells of gametophyte

diploid zygotes form

when sperm react with archegonia

zygote __________ and becomes

divides, embryo

alternation of generations

multicellular diploid form and multicellular haploid form

sporophyte ________ haploid ______ spores through __________ (in __________)

produces, spores, meiosis, sporangium

Spores ______ and _______ through

germinate, divide, mitosis

Mitosis of spores forms

haploid gametophytes

haploid gametophytes _______ in _____________ forms _________

fuse, fertilization, zygote

zygote _________ via ________ forming an _______

divides, mitosis, embryo

Sporophyte produce through

meiosis

Sporophyte is _________ by layer of ___________-

protected, sporopollenin

Spores have _________ DNA from _________________

1/2 , parent sporophyte

Gametophytes produce through

mitosis

Gametophytes are _________ to _________ they germinate from

identical, spores