Chapter 43: Animal Reproduction and Development

the creation of new individuals from exisiting ones

reproduction

during this type of reproduction, new offspring is produced by a single parent, typically via fission (splitting), budding (outgrowth), or fragmentation (regeneration)

asexual reproduction

during this type of reproduction, new offspring is produced by gamete fusion to form a zygote

sexual reproduction

true or false: gametes form via mitosis; they’re diploid (46 chromosomes)

false. gametes form via meiosis; they’re haploid (23 chromosomes)

the combination of a sperm and egg is ___

fertilization

during this type of fertilization, gamete fusion takes place outside the female body

external fertilization

true or false: during internal fertilization, gamete fusion takes place inside the female body

true

this is the primary reproductive organ (gonads) in males where sperm and testosterone are produced and stored

testis

this structure of the male reproductive system transports sperm to the ejaculatory duct

ductus deferens

this structure of the male reproductive system is a unique organelle containing acidic enzymes that penetrate the egg’s coat

acrosome

this structure of the male reproductive system is an accessory gland that secretes fructose for sperm energy

seminal vesicles

this structure of the male reproductive system is an accessory gland that releases substances for male reproduction and to protect the sperm

prostate gland

this structure of the male reproductive system is an accessory gland that cleans the urethra

bulbourethral gland

this is the primary reproductive organ (gonad) in females that releases oocytes (immature eggs), and secretes estrogen and progesterone

ovary

this structure of the female reproductive system leads from the ovary to the uterus and transports eggs

oviduct (fallopian tube)

this structure of the female reproductive system is a hollow, pear-shaped organ where fertilized eggs grow and develop

uterus

the inner layer of the uterus

endometrium

the middle layer of the uterus

myometrium

this cycle of the female reproductive cycle involves the maturation the egg

ovarian cycle

this protective structure consists of a primary oocyte and surrounding cells that divide and produce a “cocoon” around the oocyte

immature follicle

during the ovarian cycle, a surge in this hormone is caused by the follicle maturing and secreting estrogen, and triggers ovulation

luteinizing hormone (LH)

this cycle of the female reproductive cycle involves preparing the uterus for the egg

uterine cycle

this phase of the uterine cycle is days 1-5, during which estrogen and progesterone decreases, the endometrial lining degenerates, and menstruation occurs

menstrual (period) phase

this phase of the uterine cycle is days 6-14, during which estrogen and progesterone increase, and the endometrial lining proliferates

proliferation (follicular) phase

this phase of the uterine cycle is day 14, during which the egg releases

ovulation

this phase of the uterine cycle is days 15-28, during which the corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen, the endometrium continues to proliferate, and the uterus is prepared to accept and nourish a fertilized egg

secretory (luteal) phase

this structure forms from the follicle, and secretes large amounts of estrogen and progesterone

corpus luteum