Chemistry

Chemistry

study of matter and the changes it undergoes

Matter

Matter is defined as any substance that occupies space and has mass, encompassing solids, liquids, and gases. It has three states: Solid, Liquid, and Gas.

Physical Change

a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition.

Chemical Change

a change that results in the formation of new substances with different chemical properties and compositions.

Extensive Property

A property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample, such as mass or volume. If you cut something in half, the property changes. Ex: Mass, volume, length

Intensive Property

A property that does not depend on the amount of how much matter is being considered. If you cut something in half, the property stays the same. Ex: Density, Temperature, Color

Elements

composed of one type of atom

Compounds

two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio

Homogeneous

Uniform composition throughout. Components are evenly distributed and indistinguishable from one another. evenly mixed, looks like one thing.

Heterogeneous

has a non-uniform composition. The components in a heterogeneous mixture are not evenly distributed, and the individual substances can often be seen and separated. unevenly mixed, different parts can be seen.

Solutions

homogeneous mixtures where one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another (the solvent). The solute cannot be distinguished from the solvent. Ex: sugar dissolved in water

Distillation

heating a liquid to create vapor and then cooling that vapor to return it to the liquid state.

Filtration

physical separation process that involves passing a mixture through a filter medium that allows certain particles or substances to pass while retaining others.

Chromatography

separate the components of a mixture.

Plasma

hot ionized gas consisting of equal numbers of positively charged IONS and negatively charged ELECTRONS also considered “fourth state of matter” Ex: aurora, lightning, neon sign

Density

mass packed in a fixed volume. density = mass divided by volume

Conductivity

how well a materials allow heat or electricity to pass through them.

Magnetism

substances that can attract or repel magnets

Ductility

ability of a substance to be stretched into a wire.

Malleability

ability of a substance to be HAMMERED or transformed into thin sheet

Diffusion

ability of matter to be spread out.

Reactivity

tells us how a material changes when it meets another substance.

Biodegradability

ability to BREAK DOWN naturally

Flammability

ability to catch fire. in easy terms: how EASILY it catches a fire

Combustibility

ability to burn or ignite and sustain a flame. in easy words: CAN BURN

Stability

ability to resist a change, whether its chemically or physically.

Toxicity

How harmful or poisonous something is to living things.

Ionization

process which ions are formed by gain or loss of an ELECTRON from an ATOM or MOLECULE

Synthesis

Decomposition

Neutron

No electrical Charge

Proton

positive charge

Electron

negative charge

Atom

smallest particle of an element

Weight

gravitational force acting on an object given mass

Atomic Number

number of protons or electrons in an atom

Mass number

sum of protons and electrons

Nucleus

contains protons and neutrons, accounting for 99.97% of atomic mass

Electron Cloud

region where electrons are most likely found

Ionic Bonding

transfer of electrons, resulting in charged particles called ions

Covalent Bonding

sharing of electrons, forming molecules

Single Covalent Bond

sharing one pair of electrons

Double Covalent Bond

Sharing two pairs of electrons

Polar Covalent Bond

Unequal, asymmetrical sharing of electrons

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

equal, symmetrical sharing of electrons

Polar Molecules

have asymmetrical electrical charge

Non-Polar Molecules

have symmetrical electrical charge