All Physio MCQ's

1. The concept of homeostasis:

a) refers to the unwavering control of a physiological set point
b) refers to the 'all-or-none' law
c) refers only to the regulation of body temperature
d) refers to maintaining a stable external environment
e) refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable state.

e) refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable state.

2. Utilization time is:

a) the maximal time period for which a threshold stimulus should act, in order an AP to occur
b) the duration of the depolarization phase of the AP
c) the duration of the AP
d) the duration of the absolute refractory period
e) the minimal period of time for which a threshold stimulus should act, in order an AP to occur.

e) the minimal period of time for which a threshold stimulus should act, in order an AP to occur.

3. The highest lability has:

a) muscle cells
b) nerve cells
c) epithelial cells
d) glial cells
e) glandular cells

b) nerve cells

4. Hormones:

a) are only with lipid structure
b) may be secreted by exocrine glands
c) may be secreted by nerve cells
d) are used only in synapses
e) are only with peptide structure

c) may be secreted by nerve cells

5. For an action potential to occur:

a) the cell membrane must be in the absolutely refractory period
b) K* influx must exceed Na+ efflux
c) the cell membrane must be out of the relative refractory period
d) the stimulus must reach or exceed threshold
e) Cl influx must exceed K* efflux

d) the stimulus must reach or exceed threshold

6. During the rising phase of the action potential:

a) voltage-gated K* channels close
b) voltage-gated K* channels open
c) voltage-gated N+ channels close
d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open
e) voltage-gated Cl channels open

d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open

7. The plasma membrane:

a) is permeable to lipophilic molecules
b) is permeable to hydrophilic molecules
c) may burst in hypertonic extracellular solutions
d) cannot generate action potentials in excitable cells
e) can generate action potentials in non-excitable cells

a) is permeable to lipophilic molecules

8. Overcooling the nerve will cause:

a) increase of the threshold
b) increase of the liability
c) increase of the excitability
d) decrease of the threshold
e) increased release of neurotransmitters

a) increase of the threshold

9. The properties of local response:

a) 'all-or-none' law
b) transmission with energy consumption
c) summation
d) transmission without energy consumption
e) excitability is decreased

c) summation

10. The property of the living systems to react to changes of the external or the internal environment is called:

a) excitation
b) excitability
c) irritability
d) action potential
e) resting potential

c) irritability

11. A less negative membrane potential means:

a) it is "less positive" than the resting potential
b) it is closer to +20 mV
c) the resting membrane potential is closer to the sodium equilibrium
d) slight repolarization
e) the cell cannot generate an action potential

c) the resting membrane potential is closer to the sodium equilibrium

12. The membrane of a typical resting neuron is largely impermeable to:

a) Cl-
b) K*
c) Na+
d) Ca2+
e) Fe2+

c) Na+

13. The ion with the lowest intracellular concentration is:

a) Ca2+
b) НСОз-
c) Na+
d) Mg2+
e) K*

a) Ca2+

14. The blockers of the calcium ion channels are called:

a) calcium agonists
b) calcium binding proteins
c) calcium receptors
d) calcium antagonists
e) calcium binding lipids

d) calcium antagonists

15. Which of the following requires energy?

a) diffusion
b) osmosis
c) facilitated diffusion
d) active transport
e) filtration

d) active transport

16. The most common intracellular cation is:

a) calcium
b) sodium
c) magnesium
d) phosphorus
e) potassium

e) potassium

17. Most appropriate solution for intravenous infusion is:

a) hypertonic NaCI solution
b) hypotonic NaCI solution
c) isotonic NaCI solution
d) distilled water
e) ionized water

c) isotonic NaCI solution

18. What is the normal pH value of the body fluids?

a) 7.35-7.45
b) 7.15-7.25
c) 7.55 - 7.65
d) 7.00-7.35
e) 6.5-7.5

a) 7.35-7.45

19. Which of the following is not found in the cell membrane?

a) galactose
b) phospholipids
c) proteins
d) cholesterol
e) nucleic acids

e) nucleic acids

20. The main structural elements in the cell membrane are:

a) proteins
b) phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
c) carbohydrates
d) cholesterol
e) nucleic acids

b) phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

21. The local response is:

a) a potential that is generated as a result of the action of a sub-threshold stimulus and propagated along the nerve cell membrane
b) a potential that is generated as a result of the action of a sub-threshold stimulus and could be registered only at the site of irritation
c) a potential that is generated as a result of the action of a super-threshold stimulus and propagated along the nerve cell membrane
d) a potential that is generated on the postsynaptic membrane as a result of the action of a neurotransmitter
e) a potential that is generated as a result of the action of a super-threshold stimulus and could be registered only at the site of irritation.

b) a potential that is generated as a result of the action of a sub- threshold stimulus and could be registered only at the site of irritation

22. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter with the highest affinity to:

a) N-cholinergic receptors
b) B-adrenergic receptors
c) a- and ß-adrenergic receptors
d) a-adrenergic receptors
e) M-cholinergic receptors

d) a-adrenergic receptors

23. The oculocardiac reflex is an example of:

a) somato-somatic reflex
b) viscero-somatic reflex
c) somato-visceral reflex
d) viscero-visceral reflex
e) integrated conditioned reflex

c) somato-visceral reflex

24. The parasympathetic postganglionic neurons of the ANS secrete:

a) norepinephrine (98%) and epinephrine (2%)
b) epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
c) L-DOPA
d) norepinephrine (2%) and epinephrine (98%)
e) acetylcholine

e) acetylcholine

25. A structure that permits an excitable cell to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell (neural or otherwise) with excitatory or inhibitory effects, is called:

a) juxtaglomerular apparatus
b) synapse
c) intercalated disc
d) Golgi apparatus
e) modulator

b) synapse

26. The critical (firing) level of depolarization is:

a) a level of AP at which depolarization goes into repolarization

b) a level of AP at which repolarization goes into depolarization

c) a degree of depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, at which further action of the neurotransmitter is abolished

d) a degree of depolarization of the excitable membrane at which its intensity does not depend on irritant action

e) a degree of depolarization of the nerve cell membrane at which its sources of energy are completely exhausted

d) a degree of depolarization of the excitable membrane at which its intensity does not depend on irritant action

27. H1-receptors are situated on the smooth muscle cell membrane of the:

a) gastrointestinal tract
b) bronchi
c) urinary tract
d) uterus
e) blood vessels

b) bronchi

28. The Horveg-Weiss curve represents:

a) the intensity/duration relationship of the threshold stimulus
b) the phases of the AP
c) the conduction of the excitation through myelinated nerve fiber
d) the intensity/duration relationship of the subthreshold stimulus
e) the conduction of the excitation through unmyelinated nerve fiber

a) the intensity/duration relationship of the threshold stimulus

29. The adrenergic effect on the cardiac conduction system and working myocardium is exercised by affecting:

a) M-choline receptors
b) a1-receptors
c) B1-receptors
d) a2-receptors
e) B2-receptors

c) B1-receptors

30. The parasympathetic spinal centers, regulating the reservoir functions, are situated in the following segments:

a) C8-Th1
b) S2-S4
c) Thi0-L2
d) Th1-Th8
e) L2-L4

b) S2-S4

31. Facilitated diffusion is a mechanism:

a) that works with the help of a carrier in the membrane
b) for transporting substances against their concentration gradient
c) connected with membrane polarity
d) associated with loss of energy
e) for transporting lipid soluble substances through the membrane

a) that works with the help of a carrier in the membrane

32. The diffusion through the phospholipid layer of the cellular membrane is possible for:

a) lipophilic substances
b) only for oxygen and carbon dioxide
c) hydrophilic substances
d) lipophobic substances
e) only for water

a) lipophilic substances

33. A distinguishing feature of the membrane potential at rest is:

a) high permeability for K+ ions
b) low permeability for Na+ and high for K+ ions
c) low permeability for Cl- ions
d) the small difference between the equilibrium potentials for Na+, and K† ions
e) low permeability for Na+

b) low permeability for Na+ and high for K+ ions

34. The common expression of excitation is:

a) membrane transport
b) muscle cell contraction
c) nerve cell conduction and excitation
d) glandular cell secretion
e) the action potential

e) the action potential

35. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter which has:

a) always an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic membrane
b) always an inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic membrane
c) excitatory or inhibitory effect depending on the amount released
d) excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic membrane depending on the type of receptors
e) no effect on the postsynaptic membrane

d) excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic membrane depending on the type of receptors

36. An example of a ligand dependent membrane is:

a) the axon membrane
b) the postsynaptic membrane
c) the nodes of Ranvier
d) the skeletal muscle T-tubule membrane
e) the axon hillock

b) the postsynaptic membrane

37. Curare is a substance that blocks:

a) M-cholinergic receptors
b) a-adrenergic receptors
c) N-cholinergic receptors in neuromuscular synapses
d) B-adrenergic receptors
e) all types of cholinergic receptors

c) N-cholinergic receptors in neuromuscular synapses

38. Which statement for the electrical synapses is true:

a) they are unidirectional
b) the information is transmitted bidirectionally
c) the synaptic cleft is bigger than in chemical synapses
d) the transmission of the information is slower
e) they can be controlled

b) the information is transmitted bidirectionally

39. Throughout the relative refractory period:

a) the excitability becomes equal to zero
b) the excitability is equal to that at rest
c) the excitability is higher than that at rest
d) the excitability is lower than that at rest
e) accommodation occurs

d) the excitability is lower than that at rest

40. Na+/K+ pump is called electrogenic because it:

a) exports equal amount of Na+, and K+
b) imports equal amount of Na+ and K+
c) exchanges equal amount of Na+ and K+
d) imports Na+, and exports K+
e) the exchanged amount of Na+, and K+ is not equal

e) the exchanged amount of Na+, and K+ is not equal

41. The conditioned reflexes are:

a) formed on the basis of unconditioned reflexes
b) inborn
c) permanent
d) typical of the species
e) not individual

a) formed on the basis of unconditioned reflexes

42. Excitability is a property of:

a) nerve, muscle, and some endocrine cells
b) all cells in the body
c) only nerve cells
d) only muscle cells
e) only endocrine cells

a) nerve, muscle, and some endocrine cells

43. Which of the statements is not true:

a) at the chemical synapse transmission of excitation is one way
b) the velocity of transmission of excitation is higher at the chemical synapses than at the electrical ones
c) at most of the electrical synapses transmission is two-way
d) the velocity of transmission of excitation is greater at the electrical synapses than at the chemical ones
e) when there is continuous excitation at a synapse, fatigue occurs

b) the velocity of transmission of excitation is higher at the chemical synapses than at the electrical ones

44. Which is the basic inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS:

a) glutamate
b) GABA
c) neuropeptide Y
d) substance P
e) nitric oxide

b) GABA

45. Which of the following transmitters does not bind with a membrane receptor, to fulfil its effect:

a) glutamate
b) serotonin
c) dopamine
d) histamine
e) nitric oxide

e) nitric oxide

46. The basic factor for the ion asymmetry on both sides of the excitable membrane is:

a) Ca2+ pump and the low permeability for Na+
b) Na+ pump and the low permeability for Na+
c) iodine pump
d) K* pump and the high permeability for Na+
e) Na+/K* pump and the low permeability for Na+

e) Na+/K* pump and the low permeability for Na+

47. The velocity of AP propagation along the axon membrane depends on:

a) the strength of irritation
b) the cross-sectional area of the axon
c) the duration of irritation
d) the direction of its propagation
e) the threshold

b) the cross-sectional area of the axon

48. Saltatory conduction:

a) occurs only in myelinated fibers
b) has a faster velocity in cold than in warm conditions
c) is slower than non-saltatory conduction in nerve fibers with diameters around 10 um
d) transmits impulses with a velocity proportional to fibers length
e) occurs only in non-myelinated fibers

a) occurs only in myelinated fibers

49. The result of activated a-adrenergic receptors is:

a) relaxation of the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles and contraction of the sphincters
b) increased heart rate
c) constriction of the vessels smooth muscle
d) dilation of the vessels smooth muscle and relaxation of the uterus
e) constriction of the bronchi smooth muscles

c) constriction of the vessels smooth muscle

50. Intracellular depot for Ca2* ions is:

a) mitochondria
b) endoplasmic reticulum
c) microtubules
d) Golgi's apparatus
e) nucleus

b) endoplasmic reticulum

51. The result of activated a2-adrenergic receptors is:

a) increased heart rate
b) constriction of the vessels smooth muscle
c) relaxation of the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles and contraction of the sphincters
d) dilation of the vessels smooth muscle and relaxation of the uterus
e) constriction of the bronchi smooth muscles

c) relaxation of the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles and contraction of the sphincters

52. Secretion of more than one transmitter by a neuron is called:

a) habituation
b) cotransmition
c) sensitisation
d) perception
e) inhibition

b) cotransmition

53. Protein synthesis occurs at the:

a) ribosomes
b) lysosomes
c) within the nucleus
d) mitochondria
e) vacuoles

a) ribosomes

54. During repolarization of the cell membrane:

a) Na+ move inside of the cell
b) Na+ move outside of the cell
c) K+ move outside of the cell
d) K* move inside of the cell
e) Cl- move outside of the cell

c) K+ move outside of the cell

55. Movement of solvent and dissolved substances across a cell membrane by hydrostatic pressure is:

a) osmosis
b) facilitated diffusion
c) filtration
d) simple diffusion
e) active transport

c) filtration

56. In a cell, movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration:

a) uses facilitated diffusion
b) requires cellular energy
c) is passive transport
d) requires both cellular energy and facilitated diffusion
e) uses its concentration gradient to move

b) requires cellular energy

57. Cell membranes:

a) are formed entirely by protein molecules
b) are impermeable to fat soluble substances
c) are not changed throughout life
d) in some tissues permit transport of glucose at a greater rate in the presence of insulin
e) are permeable to water soluble substances

d) in some tissues permit transport of glucose at a greater rate in the presence of insulin

58. The substance acetylcholine is released from synaptic vesicles by the process of:

a) phagocytosis
b) simple diffusion
c) passive transport
d) endocytosis
e) exocytosis

e) exocytosis

59. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) can be generated by:

a) opening of calcium channels
b) closing of potassium channels
c) opening of sodium channels
d) opening of chlorine channels
e) closing of chlorine channels

d) opening of chlorine channels

60. Proteins that are secreted by cells are generally:

a) not synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to endoplasmic reticulum
b) packed in the Golgi apparatus
c) synthesized in the mitochondria
d) across the cell membrane by endocytosis
e) synthesized in the lysosomes

b) packed in the Golgi apparatus

61. Transmission across a synapse is dependent on the release of?

a) hormones
b) synaptic vesicle
c) neurons
d) receptor proteins
e) neurotransmitters

e) neurotransmitters

62. The unique feature in mitochondria is:

a) myosin
b) DNA
c) actin
d) prothrombin
e) hemoglobin

b) DNA

63. An example of co-transport is:

a) Na+ glucose transport
b) Ca2+ pump
c) Na+/H+ pump
d) Na+/K* pump
e) Na/Ca2+ pump

a) Na+ glucose transport

64. The resting membrane potential of a cell:

a) is equal to the equilibrium potential of Na*
b) falls to zero if Na+/K* ATP-ase in the membrane is inhibited
c) is equal to the equilibrium potential for K+
d) is dependent on the permeability of the cell membrane to K+ being greater to Na+
e) is equal to the equilibrium potential of CI-

d) is dependent on the permeability of the cell membrane to K+ being greater to Na+

65. Mitochondria:

a) are the chief site of lipid synthesis
b) are the chief site of protein synthesis
c) are more numerous in white than in brown fat cells
d) are the chief sites for generation of ATP
e) are absent near the membranes of actively secreting cells

d) are the chief sites for generation of ATP

66. For the endoplasmic reticulum it is not true that:

a) it is a complex system of intracellular tubules
b) it has a membrane structure similar to the cell membrane
c) it is associated with ribonucleoprotein
d) it is well developed in secretory cells
e) it stores sodium ions

e) it stores sodium ions

67. The mammalian cell membrane:

a) is seen as an optically dense line using light microscopy
b) consists mainly of protein
c) contains enzymes DNA
d) is more permeable to fat- than to water-soluble particles
e) contains the receptors for steroid hormones

d) is more permeable to fat- than to water-soluble particles

68. Which of the following is an example for active transport:

a) filtration
b) osmosis
c) simple diffusion
d) ATP binding cassette
e) facilitated diffusion

d) ATP binding cassette

69. An action potential in a nerve fiber:

a) occurs when its membrane potential is hyperpolarized to a critical level
b) is associated with a transient decrease in membrane permeability to potassium
c) is associated with a transient increase in membrane permeability to sodium
d) induces local response
e) has an amplitude which varies directly with the strength of stimulus

c) is associated with a transient increase in membrane permeability to sodium

70. Which of the following receptors controls the ion permeability of the postsynaptic membrane by a direct pathway:

a) ß-adrenergic receptors
b) N-cholinergic receptors
c) receptors for serotonin
d) a-adrenergic receptors
e) M-cholinergic receptors

b) N-cholinergic receptors

71. EPSP can be generated by:

a) closing of sodium-potassium channels
b) closing of sodium channels
c) opening of chlorine channels
d) closing of potassium channels
e) closing of sodium-potassium-calcium channels.

d) closing of potassium channels

72. The conduction velocity of a nerve impulse can be determined by
    which of the following factors?

1. temperature diameter of axon

2. stimulus

3. frequency

4. myelin sheath

5. stimulus strength

a) 1, 3, 5 and 4
b) 1, 2 and 3
c) 3 and 1
d) 4, 2 and I
e) 3 and 2

d) 4, 2 and 1

73. The junction between one neuron and the next, or between a neuron and an effector is called:

a) a dendrite
b) a synapse
c) a neurotransmitter
d) a ventricle
e) none of the above

b) a synapse

74. The vesicular transport from the cell to the extracellular environment is called:

a) endocytosis
b) exocytosis
c) pinocytosis
d) phagocytosis
e) apoptosis

b) exocytosis

75. Which of the following blocks acetylcholine receptor sites causing muscle relaxation?

a) novocaine
b) nicotine
c) curare
d) nerve gases
e) carbon monoxide

c) curare

76. The nerve center of the pharyngeal reflex, manifested with urge to vomit, is located in:

a) the midbrain
b) the spinal cord
c) the medulla oblongata
d) the limbic system
e) the cerebral cortex

c) the medulla oblongata

77. The elements of the reflex arc do not include:

a) receptor
b) conducting pathways
c) nerve center
d) effector
e) stimulus

e) stimulus

78. The most important element of the reflex arc is:

a) receptor
b) conducting pathways
c) nerve center
d) effector
e) all are equally important

e) all are equally important

79. Electroneurography (ENG) is:

a) the method for recording the bioelectrical activity of the brain
b) the method for recording the bioelectrical activity of peripheral nerve fibers
c) the method for recording the bioelectrical activity of the myocardial cells
d) the method for recording the bioelectrical activity of glial cells
e) the method for recording the bioelectrical activity of spinal cord

b) the method for recording the bioelectrical activity of peripheral nerve fibers

80. The innervation of the adrenal medulla is carried out by:

a) postganglionic cholinergic fibers
b) preganglionic cholinergic fibers
c) preganglionic adrenergic fibers
d) postganglionic adrenergic fibers
e) preganglionic dopaminergic fibers

b) preganglionic cholinergic fibers

81. The ability to generate action potential without external irritation is called:

a) automaticity
b) accommodation
c) acclimatization
d) absolute refractory period
e) ambivalent effect

a) automaticity

82. The minimum time required for a stimulus with the strength of two rheobases to generate an action potential is called:

a) utilization time
b) rheobase
c) chronaxie
d) threshold of irritation
e) time constant

c) chronaxie

83. Which of the following types of nerve fibers has the slowest conduction velocity?

a) A⍺
b) Aß
c) С
d) B
e) А∂

c) С

84. The main mechanism involved in the formation of short-term memory is:

a) convergence
b) divergence
c) the formation of reverberating circles in the brain
d) generalization
e) encephalization

c) the formation of reverberating circles in the brain

85. General manifestation of the excitation is:

a) contraction of the muscle cell
b) action potential
c) conduction through nerve cells
d) secretion by glandular cells
c) motion

b) action potential

86. Secondary messengers are:

a) substances that bind to membrane receptors
b) substances that mediate the intracellular response
c) hormones that are formed in the cell in response to its stimulation
d) substances which are outside the cell and modulate the strength of the cellular response
e) substances which create new cellular functions

b) substances that mediate the intracellular response

87. The cellular response is not determined by:

a) the type of receptors on the cell membrane
b) the location of the synapse in the body
c) the number of the second messenger molecules
d) the number of the activated intracellular kinases
c) the number of the receptors on the cell membrane

b) the location of the synapse in the body

88. Which is not an element of the chemical synapse:

a) presynaptic membrane
b) connexon
c) postsynaptic membrane
d) synaptic cleft
e) vesicles with neurotransmitters

b) connexon

89. Which statement is not true for electrical synapses:

a) the transmission of the information is faster in comparison with chemical synapses
b) the transmission of the information is facilitated by neurotransmitters
c) the transmission of the information is bidirectional
d) the transmission of the information happens trough a connexon
e) they are also called gap junctions

b) the transmission of the information is facilitated by neurotransmitters

90. Which of the following types of nerve fibers has the fastest conduction velocity?

a) A⍺
b) Aß
c) С
d) B
e) А∂

a) A⍺

1. Reflexes are defined as motor, vasomotor and secretory according to:

a) the location of the receptors
b) the type of the effector
c) the mechanism of their formation
d) the type of reflex arc
e) the complexity of the reflex arc

b) the type of the effector

2. Irradiation of the excitation in the nervous system is achieved by:

a) release of co-mediators
b) increased velocity of conduction in neurons
c) inhibition
d) divergence
e) convergence

d) divergence

3. Conditioned reflexes are:

a) inborn
b) permanent
c) individual
d) the same in every human
e) have constant reflex arch

c) individual

4. What is the interaction between two inhibitory neurons known as?

a) recurrent inhibition
b) disinhibition
c) presynaptic inhibition
d) lateral inhibition
e) reciprocal inhibition

b) disinhibition

5. In which sensory system is lateral inhibition used?

a) auditory system
b) tactile system
c) olfactory system
d) gustatory system
e) visual system

e) visual system

6. Abdominal wall rigidity reflex is:

a) baroreceptive reflex
b) somato-somatic
c) viscero-somatic
d) viscero-visceral
e) somato-visceral

c) viscero-somatic

7. Which glial cells help regulate extracellular K+ levels in the CNS?

a) microcytes
b) astrocytes
c) oligodendrocytes
d) Schwann cells
e) ependymal cells

b) astrocytes

8. a-adrenoreceptors:

a) are located in the bronchi and bronchioles
b) are distinguishable from ß (beta) receptors using electron microscopy
c) are involved in the vasodilation responses to adrenaline in skin
d) can be stimulated by both adrenaline and noradrenaline
e) are involved in heart rate responses to noradrenaline

d) can be stimulated by both adrenaline and noradrenaline

9. Which one of the following is characteristic of type A nerve fibers:

a) nociception only
b) slower conduction than C fibers
c) motor only
d) myelinated
e) sensory only

d) myelinated

10. The unique property of the neuron is:

a) communication
b) contraction
c) secretion
d) energy production
e) excitation

e) excitation