HIEU 146 Short Answer Stugu

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The Popular Front in France

The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing movements in France during the 1930s, rallying of Democratic forces, everyone from the socialist party, liberal democrats, and communists come together to prevent a fascist takeover May 1936 election. Their agenda was similar to the Spanish case where they promoted anti-fascism and democracy, core of the front is the socialist party. Offered social reforms, minimum wage, collective bargaining. However, it later broke down due to tensions over economic policy, tensions over aid to the Spanish during their civil war, opposition on the right accused them of being communists. Resulted in the reinforcement of polarization and paved the way for the Vichy regime “right to come to power during the German invasion. Because of its deterioration, it raises questions of if the democracy could have survived without Nazi invasion.

Dadaist Manifesto

Written as a challenge against objectivity and harmony, an embrace of the irrational. Dadaist manifesto is spontaneous, an abolition of memory, archaeology, and manifests as violence. Prompted individualism and spontaneity, claims to reduce everything to its initial simplicity, disgust with pretentious people, and religion. Prompted the questioning of the bourgeoise and a rise in art that contemplated how we portray humanity. Changes to liberal and enlightenment framework, prompted chaos

Gleichshaltung (Nazi Germany)

The method by which Nazi Germany went about restructuring how German society and people understood themselves. Prior to this, Germans thought of themselves in the individual or class sense, Gleichshaltung “coordination” in German used as a project to reconfigure it. Citizens come together in their autonomous sphere to do things not controlled by the state, taking all those independent associations in the public sphere, dissolve them, and recreate them as single Nazi versions of organizations, facilitating putting them under control of the Nazi regime. Due to Germans being joiners and with their associations, it made it easier to reframe these pre-existing associations and building on that culture. Involved economic organization and professional association.

the “New Woman”

Came alongside the crisis of meaning and gender, social challenge to the older system that was not working. Women had realized that they were excluded from full citizenship, wanted the opportunity to be equal in suffrage, education, professions, and legal equality. The “New Woman” also created harsh anxiety, as it prompted a gender crisis in a “civilization without sexes” and a concern that the hierarchy would be inverted. Specter of gender disorder as a microcosm of the interwar crisis that came with different perspectives- Bolsheviks embraced radical equality, liberals struggled with uncertainty, and fascists embodied backlash

Bolshevik motto: “Peace, Land, and Bread”

Bolsheviks wanted to proceed to a revolutionary situation and the immediate seizure of power in the name of the people. Advocation for peace, land, and bread. It was a rallying cry expressing the basic needs of the people, resonating with the suffering masses and the starving urban population. Went against the Mensheviks, who wanted to wait instead of revolutionize, allowed for the popular support needed for the Bolsheviks to seize power.

Fascist Economic “third way”

New organization of an economic system that is not quite capitalism nor communism. Used corporatism to work towards a national economy while standing up for the “little guy” in defense of small businesses and farmers. Appeal to a sense of harmony between both the employer and employee, wanted them to all come together for a harmonious national economy. Did not want capitalism because of the “making the rich richer” principle, but did not want communism because it pitted workers against the boss. Goal was to appeal to socialist people because of the similar ideas it carried but with a twist.

Stage Template of Fascism (Blinkhorn)

“template” with regard to some flexibility: range of positions that are not strictly enforced. Phase one: set of ideas, phase two: political movement, phase three: the regime. Marks definite points of departure with the evolution of fascist regimes. Can be seen in fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Representative of the ongoing academic debates revolving around what classifies as fascism and the differences between fascism at different stages.

Vichy’s “National Revolution”

When the “right” came to power in France, catalyzed by the German 6-week invasion. German occupation prompted Vichy regime in July 1940, creating a “new order”. It was authoritarian and anti-republican, front leaders were jailed, and he was given unrestricted powers by French parliament. His “revolution” prompted “work, family, and country”. Work- the fascist “third way” family-pronatalism and catholic values (church schools, conservative gender roles), and anti-immigration. Collaboration with the Nazis and on the side of the fascist powers. Seen as another hybrid mix (like Spain) of the old and new right, balance of power and lacked mass fascist party.

Spanish Republic Agrarian Reform

Agrarian reforms that aimed for minimum wage, arbitration, insurance, and legal land redistribution in the south. Idea was to create a prosperous peasant and worker base for republic. Wanted to prove that democracy could produce the benefits they wanted to deter them from revolution. Wanted to target the long history of land inequality in Spain, but ultimately failed.

Spartacists (Weimar Germany)

During the post-war crisis in Germany’s democracy and workers revolution, the left-wing revolution was supported by Spartacists, who broke off from the socialist party (SPD) in 1915 and many joined the communist party in 1921. Spartacists thought that because the socialist party supported the war effort, they had abandoned the immediate worker’s revolution. Against gentle revolution, prompted immediate revolution RIGHT NOW for workers, the time for action is now.

Italian debate about intervention in WWI

Divisive entry into WWI because of neutrality in Aug, 1914, presented no geographical or political reasons to join the war. Right-wing nationalists wanted colonial expansion into Africa. Left-wing socialists were impatient with slow progress and used the war as a means to spark socialist revolution. Pro-intervention as a way to bring the proletariat revolution quicker. Pro-intervention and divide between left and right deepened with the mixed record on the battlefield and overall destruction. This sense of “mutilated victory” resulted in mobilization and polarization.

Labor Party (Britain)

British crisis manifested in political polarization, reconfiguration of the two-party system. Illustration of the crisis because a main political party completely disappears. 1922 election as the turning point. Displays a radicalization of the trade union movement, lack of willingness to compromise- deepens the gulf between Tories (aristocratic) and Labor (working class). Post war crisis

Doplavoro (Fascist Italy)

Meaning “after work”. Recreation program in Italy for workers that planned vacation, leisure time, activities, etc. Reached 5 million members by 1940. Mostly consisted of the working class, organized social life around mass organization, and was apolitical- only for leisure. Used in order to infuse fascism into everyday public and private life, and cultivating active consent and belonging. Reorganized social life around mass organization and belonging to fascist project.

French occupation of the Ruhr (1923-1925)

Post-WWI, groups pull back from polarization. French Right coalition invades into Germany in 1923 but quickly realizes that there was nothing to be pulled out of the German economy and it was a complete economic failure. Shifted course to the Locarno Treaty in 1925 that were negotiated with Germany, allowed Germany to enter the league of nations, guarantor of existing boundaries. Symbolized change from the politics of resentment to the politics of accommodation.

Lebensraum (WWII)

Takeover of arable land for Germans. Expulsion of Poles and Ukrainians and moving in Germans, part of the Nazi enforcement of racial hierarchy even against other Europeans. Replacement of state sovereignty and borders with this form of hierarchy. Reminiscent of US “Manifest Destiny”.

Five year plans (Stalinism)

Stalin’s “five year plans” were a cornerstone of state led development that pushed the industry for state and national power. Provided a sense of urgency and set goals for five years, mobilized the entire country and ALL workers around this single goal, and it was a completely new path to industrialization. Prioritized production over consumption, did not really better the working class but instead just replaced old class systems. Created tensions of new class of bureaucrats and elites, people in place pulling the levers, which contradicts fundamental ideals of an egalitarian economy.

Wannsee Protocol 1942

Document that illuminates protocol regarding part of the “Final solution” to the Jewish question. It documents rules regarding mixed-race individuals, policy of evacuation of Jews to the east, and identifying how many Jews from each country were to be evacuated. Documented the turning point of the Nazi regime and the implementation of the “Final Solution”.