Experimental Procedures in Laboratory Animal Science

Flashcards about experimental procedures in laboratory animal science, administration and extraction methodology.

What is Enteral administration?

Via the gastrointestinal tract

What is Parenteral administration?

Everything that is not enteral

What are the two types of application and action in drug administration?

Systemic or Local (topical)

What factors influence the choice of a specific drug delivery method?

Local or systemic action, site of desired action, physical and chemical properties of the drug, rapidity of response desired, extend of drug absorption, effect of digestion and first pass metabolism, accuracy of dosage required, condition of patient/animal

What are the routes of Enteral administration?

Oral and Rectal

What is the first pass effect?

Hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological agent impacting the systemic circulation

What are the attention points for administering drugs through food or drinking water?

Variation in consumption, substance solubility, substance stability, substance smell/taste

What are the attention points for Oral gavage/stomach tube administration?

Disturbance of the animal and the first pass effect

What are the routes of Parenteral administration?

Injection, Inhalation, Transdermal

What are the different types of Parenteral injections?

Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intraperitoneal, Intravenous

What are the Injection basics?

Pick correct needle size, use a clean, sharp, sterile needle, fill syringe free of air bubbles, fluids should be room or body temperature, restrain the animal, inject with beveled side of the needle upward, aspirate to validate the injection site, inject slowly

What are the characteristics of Subcutaneous(SC) injection?

Relatively slow absorption, can be irritating, neck scruff or in the flank

What are the characteristics of Intramuscular (IM) injection?

Quick uptake, quick onset of action, small volumes, local pain

What are the characteristics of Intraperitoneal (IP) injection?

Quick uptake, relative large injection volume

What are the characteristics of Intravenous injection?

Tail vein in mice and rats, ear vein in rabbits, fast uptake

What are the two types of cutaneous administration?

Epidermal and Transdermal

What are the different forms of Cutaneous drug delivery?

Drops, Sprays, Ointments, Transdermal patches

Where does topical administration take place?

Active in mucous membrane - Eyes, Ears, Nose, Lungs, Vaginal

Why do we collect blood from laboratory animals?

For analysis of biochemical, metabolic, toxicological or immunological parameters, for examination or culture of micro-organisms, for production of antibodies.

What factors influence the choice of blood collection technique?

The purpose of the blood collection, the minimum volume required for analysis, the duration and frequency of sampling, the impact on animal welfare, the need for aseptic obtained blood, the need for an arterial versus venous sample, the suitability of sedation and/or anesthesia, the potential for stress-induced effects on biochemical and haematological parameters.

What are the general principles for blood sampling?

Volume and number of samples should be kept to a minimum. Maximum volume depends on the total blood volume of the animal. Take account of the combined effect of sample volume and the frequency of sampling. Data interpretation and scientific validity may be confounded if excessive sampling is employed.

How much blood can be safely removed from an animal?

Most animals go into shock if 25-30% TBV is rapidly removed. Over 50% die if 30-40% TBV is removed. Nearly all die if more than 40% TBV is removed. 10% TBV can be safely removed on a single occasion

What tools are used for collection of blood?

Heparin or EDTA tubes, Eppendorf tubes, Capillaries, Vacuum tubes

What are the different Vein puncture locations?

Tail vein, Saphenous vein, Dorsal pedal vein, Ear vein in rabbits, Orbita punction, Facial vein

When can cardiac puncture be used?

Always under anaesthesia and only appropriate for terminal experiment

What are the methods for Exanguination?

Decapitation and Puncturing the aorta

What is Cannulation?

Procedure where after painless and stress- less sampling can take place; Well suited for daily blood sampling

How is urine/feces collected?

Metabolic cage, quantitative collection, animal place on grid, food and water controlled, urine and feces separated

What are some other body fluids that can be collected?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Bile