adolescence, adulthood & aging

6.4,5

puberty

the physical beginnings of sexual maturity

primary sex characteristics

organs needed for reproduction (ovaries in the female, testes in the male, and external genitalia)

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive traits (enlargement of the hips and breasts in females, facial hair and deepening voice in males, the development of pubic and underarm hair in both females and males)

adolescent egocentrism

belief that their experiences are unique and that their parents or others could not possibly understand what they are going through

personal fables

stories created by teens that tell about their lives that are idealized and special and that make them feel invincible

imaginary audience

being the center of attention of a group that listens to their ideas and beliefs

James Marcia

focused on teenage identity

crisis

a time of upheaval where old values or choices are being reexamined and

commitment

dedication to role or value

identity diffusion

no sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment

identity foreclosure

willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. NO identity crisis. conform to the expectations of others regarding their future

identity moratorium

in crisis, exploring choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices

identity achievement

completed identity crisis and has committed to identity/value

social clock

 the culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

menopause

the natural time in a woman's life when her menstrual cycles end

dementia

thinking, memory, and behavior begin to deteriorate

alzheimer’s disease

degenerative disease in which memory loss is progressive and plaques accumulate in nervous system tissue

trust vs mistrust

during infancy; if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

autonomy vs shame and doubt

during toddlerhood; toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

initiative vs guilt

during preschool; preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

competence vs inferiority

during elementary school; children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

identity vs role confusion

during adolescence; teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

intimacy vs role confusion

during young adulthood; young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

generativity vs stagnation

during middle adulthood; people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

integrity vs despair

during late adulthood; when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure