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Matter
physical substance that takes up space and has mass, represented by atom
Energy
the capacity to do work
How is matters represented
by atoms
How is energy represented
by bonds between atoms
Metabolism
chemical reactions that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
Anabolic reactions
build molecules and store energy
Catabolic reactions
breakdown molecules and release energy
Metabolic pathway
series of reactions that begin with a specific molecule and ends with a product
A → B → C → D
What do metabolic pathways need to proceed?
specific enzymes
without enzymes, metabolic pathways would proceed slowly and most life forms would not survive
Catabolic Pathways
break down larger molecules into smaller ones by breaking chemical bonds
energy gets released when chemical bonds are broken
exergonic
Exergonic
the change of Gibbs free energy is negative
releasing energy and occurs randomly
gibbs free energy < 0
Hydrolysis
example of a catabolic reaction
Anabolic Pathways
build larger molecules from smaller units by creating chemical bonds
endergonic since energy is needed
Dehydration synthesis
an example of an anabolic reaction
Endergonic
change in Gibbs free energy is positive
requires an input of energy and does not occur randomly
what happens to energy released from catabolic reactions
theyre stored in temporary energy storage molecules (ATP) and then used in a anabolic reaction
cells require energy to do these 3 main types of work
mechanical, transport, chemical
ATP
Adenosine Triphophate
the energy currency of the cell
enzyme
biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in a cell
lowers energy needed to start up a chemical reaction
causes chemical reaction to occur faster
why do each enzyme have a unique 3D structure
enzymes are a specific shape and will only cause a reaction to proceed in molecules they fit with (active site)
proteins
long chains of amino acids
also has unique 3D structures
conditions that causes an enzyme to denature
high temp
pH
denatured enzymes
when the enzyme changes shape and are unable to do their job
what happens to enzymes when the temperature increases
the substrates move faster and collide more with the active sites of the enzyme
“optimum temperature”
the perfect temperature in which the reaction rate is at their highest. once the reaction is above optimum temperature then the enzyme denatures and the activity of the enzyme decreases until it does not function
substrate
molecules that an enzyme will bind to in order to cause a reaction to occur
induced fit
the enzymes shape changes a little bit in order to create a better fit as the substrates enter the active site
Note
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