energy processing (pt 1)

Matter

physical substance that takes up space and has mass, represented by atom

Energy

the capacity to do work

How is matters represented

by atoms

How is energy represented

by bonds between atoms

Metabolism

chemical reactions that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

Anabolic reactions

build molecules and store energy

Catabolic reactions

breakdown molecules and release energy

Metabolic pathway

series of reactions that begin with a specific molecule and ends with a product

A → B → C → D

What do metabolic pathways need to proceed?

specific enzymes

* without enzymes, metabolic pathways would proceed slowly and most life forms would not survive

Catabolic Pathways

break down larger molecules into smaller ones by breaking chemical bonds

energy gets released when chemical bonds are broken

exergonic

Exergonic

 the change of Gibbs free energy is negative

releasing energy and occurs randomly

gibbs free energy < 0

Hydrolysis

example of a catabolic reaction

Anabolic Pathways

build larger molecules from smaller units by creating chemical bonds

endergonic since energy is needed

Dehydration synthesis

an example of an anabolic reaction

Endergonic

change in Gibbs free energy is positive

requires an input of energy and does not occur randomly

what happens to energy released from catabolic reactions

theyre stored in temporary energy storage molecules (ATP) and then used in a anabolic reaction

cells require energy to do these 3 main types of work

mechanical, transport, chemical

ATP

Adenosine Triphophate

the energy currency of the cell

enzyme

biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in a cell

lowers energy needed to start up a chemical reaction

causes chemical reaction to occur faster

why do each enzyme have a unique 3D structure

enzymes are a specific shape and will only cause a reaction to proceed in molecules they fit with (active site)

proteins

long chains of amino acids

also has unique 3D structures

conditions that causes an enzyme to denature

high temp

pH

denatured enzymes

when the enzyme changes shape and are unable to do their job

what happens to enzymes when the temperature increases

the substrates move faster and collide more with the active sites of the enzyme

“optimum temperature”

the perfect temperature in which the reaction rate is at their highest. once the reaction is above optimum temperature then the enzyme denatures and the activity of the enzyme decreases until it does not function

substrate

molecules that an enzyme will bind to in order to cause a reaction to occur

induced fit

the enzymes shape changes a little bit in order to create a better fit as the substrates enter the active site