Module 10 Playposit questions

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29 Terms

1
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Why are bacterial toxins well-known among virulence factors?

  1. They have limited variations in their characteristics

  2. They can be easily purified from bacterial supernatant

  3. They are highly specific to certain types of cells

  4. They are difficult to isolate and study

  1. They can be easily purified from bacterial supernatant

2
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What is the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the evolution and spread of toxin-producing bacteria?

  1. It prevents the acquisition of toxin genes

  2. It only occurs through lysogenic bacteriphages

  3. It limits the variation of toxin characterisitics

  4. It allows rapid spread of toxin genes among bacteria

  1. It allows rapid spread of toxin genes among bacteria

3
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Which bacterial toxin is primarily associated with Shigella bacteria but can also be produced by certain strains of E. coli?

  1. Anthrax toxin

  2. Cholera toxin

  3. Leukotoxin

  4. Shiga toxin

  1. Shiga toxin

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What is the primary component of LPS endotoxin found in Gram-negative bacteria?

  1. O antigen

  2. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

  3. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

  4. Lipid A

  1. Lipid A

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Which class of toxins possesses both cytotoxic and immunosuppressive properties?

  1. Mycolactone toxins

  2. Exotoxins

  3. Superantigens

  4. Peptide toxin

  1. Mycolactone toxins

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Which bacterium is responsible for causing Buruli ulcer?

  1. Clostridium perfringens

  2. Mycobacterium ulcerans

  3. Vibrio cholerae

  4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  1. Mycobacterium ulcerans

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Type I toxins primarily act on the:

  1. Intracellular components

  2. Nucleus of the cell

  3. Mitochondria of the cell

  4. Host cell surface

  1. Host cell surface

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Type III toxins have an A-B structure with two functional components, where the B component:

  1. Enters the cell and targets intracellular components

  2. Facilitates dissemination to remote organs

  3. Possesses enzymatic activity to damage the cell

  4. Binds to the host cell surface

  1. Binds to the host cell surface

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Superantigens exert their effects by binding to:

  1. Macrophage surface receptors

  2. Epithelial cell surface antigens

  3. T-cell receptors (TCRs)

  4. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) molecules

  1. T-cell receptors (TCRs)

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Which type of hemolysis causes the lysis of surrounding red blood cells, leaving a yellowish zone?

  1. Beta-hemolysis

  2. Gamma-hemolysis

  3. Alpha-hemolysis

  4. Non-hemolysis

  1. Beta-hemolysis

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Pore-forming toxins cause cell lysis by:

  1. Escaping from the phagosome

  2. Hydrolyzing mitochondrium phospholipids

  3. Forming channels in the membrane

  4. Killing host cells for nutrient acquisition

  1. Forming channels in the membrane

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Clostridium perfringens produces an alpha-toxin that causes:

  1. Tetanus

  2. Toxic shock syndrom

  3. Gangrene

  4. Pneumonia

  1. Gangrene

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A-B toxins, also known as Type III toxins, typically have two functional domains or subunits. The A domain is responsible for:

  1. Mediating the transfer of the A domain

  2. Translocation across the plasma membrane

  3. Conferring toxic activity, usually enzymatic

  4. Binding to host cell receptors

  1. Conferring toxic activity, usually enzymatic

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The B domain of A-B toxins:

  1. Facilitates the translocation of the A domain across the membrane

  2. Binds to glycolipids

  3. Is an enzyme

  4. Confers toxic activity, usually enzymatic

  1. Facilitates the translocation of the A domain across the membrane

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Proteolytic cleavage separates the A and B domains in A-B toxins, which remain connected by a:

  1. Hydrogen bond

  2. Covalent bond

  3. Ionic bond

  4. Disulfide bond

  1. Disulfide bond

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The host cell specificity of A-B toxins is determined by:

  1. The A domain

  2. The retrograde transport process

  3. The pH-dependent process

  4. The B domain

  1. The B domain

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AB-type toxins consist of:

  1. A and B portions

  2. A, B, and C portions

  3. B and T portions

  4. A and T portions

  1. A and B portions

18
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Which organism produces neurotoxins?

  1. Clostridium botulinium

  2. Yersinia enterocolitica

  3. Bordetella pertussis

  4. E. coli

  1. Clostridium botulinium

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AB-type toxins have two main portions: A and B. The A portion is responsible for:

  1. Enzymatic activity, often ADP-ribosylation

  2. Binding to sprecific receptors

  3. Inserting into the endosome membrane

  4. Facilitating toxin transfer inside the host cell

  1. Enzymatic activity, often ADP-ribosylation

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The T domain of AB-type toxins is:

  1. Involved in toxin transfer inside the host cell

  2. Found in all AB-type toxins

  3. Not present in any AB-type toxins

  4. Responsible for enzymatic activity

  1. Involved in toxin transfer inside the host cell

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What is the hallmark symptom of diphtheria?

  1. Muscle weakness

  2. Grayish pseudo membrane formation

  3. Skin rash

  4. Sever coughing

  1. Grayish pseudo membrane formation

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How does the diphtheria toxin enter the host cell's cytoplasm?

  1. Fusion with the cell membrane

  2. Activation of neuronal cells

  3. Direct penetration of the cell membrane via pores

  4. Endocytosis and translocation through the endosome membrane

  1. Endocytosis and translocation through the endosome membrane

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What is the function of the A subunit of the diphtheria toxin

  1. Catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of EF-2

  2. Binding to host cell receptors

  3. Initiating endocytosis

  4. Creating pores in the endosome membrane

  1. Catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of EF-2

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How is diphtheria toxin expression regulated in Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

  1. By the presence of specific nutrients

  2. By the chromosomal gene dtxR

  3. By interactions with other bacteria

  4. By temperature changes in the environment

  1. By the chromosomal gene dtxR

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What is the purpose of using Botox injections?

  1. To reduce the depth of wrinkles

  2. To treat urinary incontinence

  3. To prevent severe scarring during wound healing

  4. All of the above

  1. All of the above

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How is botulinum toxin protected from stomach acids and protease enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract?

  1. The nontoxic components of the progenitor toxin provide protection

  2. It is naturally resistant to stomach acids

  3. It is encapsulated in a protective shell

  4. It undergoes degradation in the stomach

  1. The nontoxic components of the progenitor toxin provide protection

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What is the specific effect of the botulinum neurotoxin on peripheral neurons?

  1. Enhancement of muscle contractions

  2. Inhibition of neurotransmitter release

  3. Stimulation of cell growth

  4. Blockage of protein synthesis

  1. Inhibition of neurotransmitter release

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What role do SNARE proteins play in normal neurotransmission?

  1. They transport acetylcholine into presynaptic vesicles

  2. They help mediate vesicle docking and fusion

  3. They bind to ganglioside and protein receptors on peripheral neurons

  4. They regulate calcium ion influx at the neuromuscular junction

  1. They help mediate vesicle docking and fusion

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What is the role of an antitoxin in the treatment of botulism?

  1. Healing the damage caused by the toxin

  2. Preventing the infection

  3. Neutralizing the botulinum neurotoxin

  4. Vaccination so the individual is not affected by the infection

  1. Neutralizing the botulinum neurotoxin