RESC55 1ST SEM

Research

involves a careful and systematic collection and analysis of information to produce or enhance our knowledge and understanding of a subject matter or topic of interest

Research approach

The Big Picture

Research design

The Blueprint

Research methods

The Tools

Research approach

overall plan or direction for the research

• quantitative

• qualitative

• mixed methods

Research design

plan or map

• descriptive

• experimental

• case study

Research methods

tools or ways you collect your data

• survey

• interview

• observation

• experiment

Applied research

• a scientific study that seek to solve various practical problems in the day to day life

• find answers or solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, develop innovative
  technologies etc

Pure or fundamental research

Basic research

Basic research

• systematic study driven purely by curiosity to expand human knowledge

• its primary goal is to understand how the world works, build theories, and discover fundamental principles, rather than to solveimmediate, real-world problems
  

Action research

involves the application of the steps of the scientific method in the classroom problems

Evaluation research

involves investigating a policy program to obtain all information pertinent to the assessment of its performance

Ask researchable research questions

developing research questions is a fundamental part of any social inquiry

Research questions

frame the goals of the study

Systematic

• it follows specific procedure to the scientific method

• these procedures and method need to be explicitly discussed

• the research methods and result are verifiable and testable by others

Address problems in the real world

• Good research should seek answers to questions that are -not trivial

• Research questions are phrased in academic language using key concepts
  and analytic concerns

Logical

• All good research is logical

• This means that the research process, from beginning to end, is logically whole,
  organized, and presented coherently

Truthful and free from bias

• Good research should be AUTHENTIC

• The data should be gathered in an ethical manner

Ethical

Researchers follow a code of conduct that safeguards the rights of people involved, not
just the participants but also the researcher

Unambiguosly

No part of the research should be withheld, hidden, or presented in bad faith, especially if the results of the study

Cyclical and iterative

it should generate more questions and directions that could lead to other future researchers

Pose a question

1st research process

Collect and analyze the data

2nd research process

Present an answer

3rd research process

User-centered approach

• actively involves students, teachers and otherstakeholders in every phase of the research and development

• it prioritizes the real-world needs, preferences, and challenges of the end-
  users

Needs-based approach

• understanding and responding to the specific gaps, interests, and basic psychological needs of learners and communities

• it relies on data-driven needs assessments to design, implement,
  and evaluate

Controlled

research is controlled and manipulated to understand the relationship between two
or more variables

Rigorous

Research follows stringent procedures to find out the answers to questions that are
relevant and appropriate in nature

Systematic

Research is systematic as it follows a step-by-step procedure to answer research questions

Valid

Data are correct and verifiable by the researcher and eventually, by the readers of the research work

Empirical

Research must be totally based on hard evidence gathered from observations and real-life experiences

research proposal

phase 1

research activities

phase 2

written content

phase 3

Research ethics

involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to planning, conducting and publishing of research

Honesty

• All researchers must honestly present information on data, results, research methods and procedures, and status of work

• Researchers must not falsify and distort the data to deceive the public

Objectivity

• Researchers should remove any form of bias in all stages of research

• All observations and data collected must not be changed in any way to agree
  with the wants of the researchers

Prudence

Researchers must be careful in evaluating their own work

Responsible publication

Researchers must publish their results and share it to other people for the sake of science and the pursuit of knowledge

Confidentiality

Researchers must save and secure confidential information of anyone involved in the research project, especially the respondents for their target samples

Respect for intellectual property

• The researchers must respect patents, copyright rights, and other forms of intellectual property

• It is a criminal act for anyone to plagiarize

Social responsibility

Researchers must conduct research studies that could be beneficial to the entire society

Anti-discrimination

Researchers must avoid discrimination against any form of social labels like sex, gender, religion, and the like

APA citation

used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences

American Psychological Association

APA

MLA citation

used by the Humanities

Modern Language Association

MLA

Chicago

generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts

Turabian style

chicago

APA in-text citation

include the author’s last name, publication date, and, if relevant, a locator such as a page number or timestamp

Parenthetical citation

According to new research … (Smith, 2020)

Narrative citation

Smith (2020) notes that …

Author, publication date, title, and source

APA references generally include information about the ______

Missing information

• It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online

• In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted

Informed consent form

• primary purpose of the form is to protect the rights of the patient or participant and
  promote autonomy

• it confirms that participation is completely voluntary and that the individual was not coerced

Information sheet and certificate of consent

informed consent has two parts