IMED1003 - Integration of Metabolism (L29)

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21 Terms

1

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Metabolism Overview

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 3

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Control of Metabolic Pathways

- activation and inhibition of key enzymes

- compartmentalisation

- availability of substrates

- covalent modification of enzymes

- induction and repression of enzyme synthesis

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<p>Insulin stimulates conversion of excess glucose to triacylglycerides</p>

Insulin stimulates conversion of excess glucose to triacylglycerides

- Promotes synthesis of triacylgycerides (TAG) in hepatocytes

- Insulin stimulates glycolysis: overall, glucose -> acetyl CoA

- Insulin stimulates TAG synthesis: acetyl CoA -> malonyl CoA (enzyme: acetyl CoA carboxylase)

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TAG exported as VLDL (exported to adipocytes)

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- insulin promotes hydrolysis of FA from VLDL in adipose tissue by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (insulin stimulates TAG synthesis

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- phosphorylation of Acetyl CoA carboxylase is what regulates the activity of the enzyme

<p>- Promotes synthesis of triacylgycerides (TAG) in hepatocytes</p><p>- Insulin stimulates glycolysis: overall, glucose -> acetyl CoA</p><p>- Insulin stimulates TAG synthesis: acetyl CoA -> malonyl CoA (enzyme: acetyl CoA carboxylase)</p><p>.</p><p>TAG exported as VLDL (exported to adipocytes)</p><p>.</p><p>- insulin promotes hydrolysis of FA from VLDL in adipose tissue by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (insulin stimulates TAG synthesis</p><p>.</p><p>- phosphorylation of Acetyl CoA carboxylase is what regulates the activity of the enzyme</p>

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<p>Control of Fatty Acid Synthesis</p>

Control of Fatty Acid Synthesis

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 6 (whole slide)

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 6 (whole slide)</p>

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Integration of Metabolism

- Metabolic processes must be coordinated

- opposing pathways cannot operate simultaneously

- cell must respond to constant changes: external conditions e.g availability of nutrients and internal conditions e.g genetics

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- in multi-cellular organisms, cells must communicat4e and cooperate

- simplfiued by divison of labour between tisues

- diffe pathway soeoprate in dif tisues and cellular comparenmtns

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<p>Cytosol and Mitochondria - Diff Pathways</p>

Cytosol and Mitochondria - Diff Pathways

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 8 and 9

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 8 and 9</p>

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<p>Glucagon, Insulin and Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate</p>

Glucagon, Insulin and Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

- increase F26BP means PFK1 is activated (promotes glycolysis)

- low F26BP activates Fructose-1,6-bisphosphotase which stimualtes gluconeogenesis

<p>- increase F26BP means PFK1 is activated (promotes glycolysis)</p><p>- low F26BP activates Fructose-1,6-bisphosphotase which stimualtes gluconeogenesis</p>

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<p>Signal for Insulin turning on F2,6BP</p>

Signal for Insulin turning on F2,6BP

- insulin turns on phosphofructokinase-2 which produces Fructose26BP

<p>- insulin turns on phosphofructokinase-2 which produces Fructose26BP</p>

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<p>Signal for Glucagon turning off F2,6BP</p>

Signal for Glucagon turning off F2,6BP

glucagon activates fructose 2-6-bisphosphotase which causes F2,6BP to be broken down into Fructose-6-phosphtae

<p>glucagon activates fructose 2-6-bisphosphotase which causes F2,6BP to be broken down into Fructose-6-phosphtae</p>

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<p>Glucagon Raises Blood Glucose</p>

Glucagon Raises Blood Glucose

- promotes gluconeogenesis

inhibits glycolysis

- pyruvate kinase is inactivated by phosphorylation (PEP to pyruvate)

- accumulation of PEP favours gluconeogenesis

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STIMUALTES GLUCONEOGEENSIS:

- increases PEPCK expression

<p>- promotes gluconeogenesis</p><p>inhibits glycolysis</p><p>- pyruvate kinase is inactivated by phosphorylation (PEP to pyruvate)</p><p>- accumulation of PEP favours gluconeogenesis</p><p>.</p><p>STIMUALTES GLUCONEOGEENSIS:</p><p>- increases PEPCK expression</p>

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<p>Integration</p>

Integration

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 15 and 16 (WHOLE SLIDE)

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 15 and 16 (WHOLE SLIDE)</p>

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<p>Brain</p>

Brain

- dont need to kno w exact numbers

<p>- dont need to kno w exact numbers</p>

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<p>Muscle</p>

Muscle

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 20 and 21

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 20 and 21</p>

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<p>Heart</p>

Heart

heart has lots of mitochondria becauise it needs to be aerobically respiring if it wants to survive

<p> heart has lots of mitochondria becauise it needs to be aerobically respiring if it wants to survive</p>

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<p>Muscle DIagram</p>

Muscle DIagram

- this is the heart

<p>- this is the heart</p>

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<p>Adipose Cells</p>

Adipose Cells

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 24 and 25

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 24 and 25</p>

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<p>Liver - Glucose</p>

Liver - Glucose

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 26

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 26</p>

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<p>Liver - Fatty Acids</p>

Liver - Fatty Acids

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 27

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 27</p>

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<p>Liver - Amino ACids</p>

Liver - Amino ACids

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 28

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 28</p>

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<p>Liver - hepatocytes</p>

Liver - hepatocytes

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 29

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 29</p>

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<p>SUMMARy</p>

SUMMARy

DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 30

<p>DIAGRAM ON SLIDE 30</p>