Psych Nursing: Mental Health Theories and Therapies

id

One of Freud's three components that helps determine an individual's personality and how they behave or interact in the world. This area is known for instant gratification; this can be physical needs or desires.

Superego

One of Freud's three components that helps determine an individual's personality and how they behave or interact in the world. This area is concerned with morals and following rules; often people consider this their conscience. This develops based on an individual's culture and what they are taught as right and wrong.

Ego

One of Freud's three components that helps determine an individual's personality and how they behave or interact in the world. This is often though of as the rationale to an individual's personality and can be viewed as both conscious and unconscious.

Conscious

In psychoanalytic theory, an area of the psyche that is composed of self-awareness in feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and other aspects of mental functioning.

Unconscious

In psychoanalytic theory, an area of the psyche that is composed of desires, impulses, memories, and emotional conflicts that are not directly accessible to awareness but influences behaviors and thoughts.

Id example

An individual takes another individuals care because they want it

Ego Example

An individual admires another care without touching it

Superego Example

An individual sees a nice car and decides to buy a nice car for themselves

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freud broke down the five stages of psychosexual development, noting that for an individual to mature, they must progress through the stages in order

Psychodynamic Theory

Freud's psychoanalytic theory that human behavior is influenced by childhood experiences

Interpersonal Theory

concept that interpersonal relationships and social experiences assist in shaping an individual's self

Peplau Interpersonal Relations

Pre-interaction to orientation to working to termination cycle

Behaviorism

science of behavior that can be observed

Cognitive Theory

human behaviors are influenced by an individual's thought process

Humanistic Theory

An explanation of behavior that emphasizes the entirety of life rather than individual components of behavior and focuses on human dignity, individual choice, and self-worth. People are innately good. Mental or social illness causes deviations from this core concept - by Abraham Maslow

Developmental Theory

These focus on social, emotional, and cognitive development

Psychosexual Stage 1

-Oral

-0-1 year

-Pleasure centers on the mouth--sucking, biting, chewing

Psychosexual Stage 2

- Anal Stage

- 1 yr-3yr

pleasure center located in anus, children discover where it is okay and where it is not okay to go to the bathroom - toilet training

Psychosexual Stage 3

- phallic

- 3-6 years

- pleasure zone is in the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings, pleasure related to genitalia

Psychosexual Stage 4

- Latency

- 6 to puberty

- A phase of dormant sexual feelings, libido repressed, act on impulses

Psychosexual Stage 5

- Genital

- Puberty on

- Maturation of sexual interests, independence, lasting relationships and sexual desires are normal

Interpersonal Developmental Stage - Infancy

- birth-18 months

- gratification of needs

Interpersonal Developmental Stage - Childhood

- 18 months-6 years old

- delayed gratification

Interpersonal Developmental Stage - Juvenile

- 6-9 years

- formation of peer groups

Interpersonal Developmental Stage - Preadolescence

- 9-12 years old

- developing relationships within the same gender

Interpersonal Developmental Stage - Early Adolescence

- 12-14 years

- Identity

Interpersonal Developmental Stage - Late Adolescence

- 14-21 years

- forming lasting, intimate relationships

Piaget Stage 1 - Sensorimotor

- birth-2 years

- This stage is based in satisfying the child's basic needs, such as comfort. The child begins to develop an understanding of objects within their environment. The concept of object permanence begins to be developed.

Piaget Stage 2 - Preoperational

- 2-6 years

- egocentrism - child does not have the ability to differ points of view from others, meaning all personal experiences are thought to be the same, or universal. Language development progresses in addition to giving inanimate objects reality and symbolic gestures.

Piaget Stage 3 - Operational

- 6-12 years

- Logical application to thinking begins, but the concept of concrete thinking remains prominent - more social as well

Piaget Stage 4 - Formal Operational

- 12 years and up

- This final stage is when a child is able to use abstract thinking, logical reasoning, problem solving, and test hypotheses

Trust vs mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Initiative vs Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities (3-6 years)

Industry vs inferority

6-12 years - need to develop and master knowledge, if incompetent or unproductive will feel inferior, achieve self-confidence

Identity vs Role Confusion

12-20 - Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Intimacy vs isolation

20-30 - Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs Stagnation or Self-Absorption

30 to 65 years:

Major developmental tasks- The major task here is to achieve the life goals established for oneself while also considering the welfare of future generations.

Ego Integrity vs Despair

(Erikson) 65-death - people either achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived

Transcendence

80+ - The development of a broad sense of one's purpose and spirituality for the individual.

Maladaptive Behavior

Behaviors that prevent an individual from coping with new or difficult circumstances, problems, or environments

Moral Development Theory

Kohlberg's theory that human moral development proceeds through clearly defined stages of moral reasoning

Preconventional Level (moral development theory)

4-10: punishment & obedience (responds to good/bad experiences based on guidelines), instrumental relativity orientation (concern for self, a goal to satisfy own needs)

Conventional Level (moral development theory)

10-13: Interpersonal Concordance (behavior guided by others expectations), Law and Authority (behavior rooted in the concept of respect for authority)

Postconvention Level (moral development theory)

adolescence and up: meaning that laws have been created for the common good, developed their own set of values that helps them distinguish between right and wrong behaviors

Orientation Level (moral development theory)

This is led by principles of justice or respect for human dignity. Laws may be viewed as abstract, and not all are concrete rules established by society, such as the principle of the "Golden Rule."

biopsychosocial model theory

mental illness is a result of malfunction within the body, whether chemical or the brain anatomy

Adaptive Behavior

Behaviors that allow an individual to cope with their environment in a positive manner

Cognitive Therapy

based on the concept that problems can stem from an individual's past but are guided and maintained by what is happening in the present

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

based on the premise that the client's mental health problem is based in part on faulty thinking or unhealthy thoughts, related feelings, and learned patterns of behaviors

Psychosocial Therapy

Treatment designed to assist with emotional or behavioral disturbances that required social interactions

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

individual therapy

treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one

psychoanalytic therapy

Help the client be able to learn adaptive coping skills. Psychoanalytic therapy is conducted by examining the unconscious mind and how it influences a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Behavioral Therapy

Focuses on modifying a client's maladaptive behaviors, patterns, and responses, instead of using adaptative behaviors. The therapy follows the concept that behaviors are learned and can have negative consequences.