ap 2025 obj 1

How many different type of cells do we have

250 different types

Erythrocyte

Red blood cell

Leukocyte

White blood cell

Thrombocyte

platelet

Blood

Sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste

color of blood with high 02

scarlet red (light)

color of blood with low 02

dark red

average volume of blood in females

4-5 L

average volume of blood in males

5-6 L

Functions of blood

Protection, Regulation, Transport

Functions of blood (Protection)

• Plasma proteins prevent blood loss

-prevent infection using antibodies, abc and complete proteins

Functions of blood (Regulation)

-maintain body temp by absorbing heat and moving it (sweat)

-maintain PH but using buffers and adequate fluid volume

Functions of blood (Transport)

• Deliver 02 and nutrients

-transport waste for elimination

• transport hormones

The only fluid tissue in the body is

blood

non living fluid called plasma

matrix

Formed elements

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Hematocrit

parent of blood volume that is RBC's

normal hematocrit in women

42 +/- 5

normal hematocrit in men

47 +/- 5

what is in the Buffy coat in spun blood

WBCs and platelets

why is WBC complete

because it contains a nucleus

Erythrocytes

• Biconcave shape

• Small in diameter

why is RBCS efficient for gas transport

-The biconcave shape is good for good SV

-No mitochondria (don't need energy to move)

Hemoglobin binds with

Oxygen

Normal hemoglobin for women

12-16 g/100ml

normal hemoglobin for men

13-18 g/100ml

how does hemoglobin get its color

red heme pigmigment bound to globin

how mich Hb do RBCs have

250 million

02 loading in the lungs produces

oxygemoglobin (ruby red)

02 unloading in the lungs produces

deoxyhemoglobin (dark red)

co2 unloading in the tissues- 20% of CO2

carbaminohemoglobin

Hematopoiesis

formation of all blood cells

where does hematopoiesis occur

red bone marrow

hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblasts)

stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements

anemia

blood has low 02 carrying capacity and can't support normal metabolism

symptoms of anemia

fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, chills

hemorrhagic anemia

rapid blood loss which is treated by a blood replacement

Chronic hemorhagic anemia

slight but persistent blood loss

iron-defiency anemia

can we caused by hemorrhagic anemia but also by low iron intake or impaired absorbtion

aplastic anemia

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

sickle cell anemia

abnormal hemoglobin

polycythemia

abnormal excess of rbcz

polycythemia vera:

Bone marrow cancer leading to excess RBCs

blood doping

athletes remove, store and rein fuse RBCs before an event to increase 02 levels for stamina

Leukocytes

complete formed cell that has a nucleus and organelles used for defence against disease

functions of a leukocyte

can leave capillaries via diapedesis

leukocytosis

increased WBC count (normal when fighting off infection)

2 categories of leukocytes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes

contain visible cytoplasmic granules NEB(neutrophilic, eosinophils, basophils)

agranulocyte

do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules LM (lymphocyres, monocytes)

Never let monkeys eat bananas

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

characteristics of granulocytes

larger and shorter lived the rbcs. And are phagocytic to some degree

Neutrophils

most numerous of WBC basic slayer to bacterial infections

Eosinophils

release enzymes on parasitic worms, digesting their surfaces

Basophils

contain histamine

Lymphoctes

crucial to immunity because they contain T cells and B cells that acts against virus infectd cells and give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies

monocytes

idk what to say about this one

Leukopoiesis

production of WBCs are stimulated by two types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature WBCs

the pathways leukopoiesis branch into

Lymphoid stem cell and myeloid stem cell

lymphoid stem cells

produces lymphocytes

myeloid stem cells

produces all other elements

leukemias and infectious mononucleosis

overpopulation if abnormal WBC

p