Skeletal System, Muscular System, Joints, Cardiovascular System

Flashcards covering key facts from Anatomy and Physiology and Movement Analysis.

Support/Shape (Skeletal System)

A rigid bone frame that provides support and shape.

Protection (Skeletal System)

Protection of vital organs.

Movement (Skeletal System)

Muscles move bones at joints.

Making blood cells (Skeletal System)

Bone marrow makes red and white blood cells.

Mineral storage (Skeletal System)

Bones store minerals.

Long Bones

For larger gross movements.

Short Bones

For smaller fine movements.

Flat Bones

To protect internal organs and provide a broad surface for muscle attachment.

Isometric Contraction

Muscle stays the same length.

Isotonic Contraction

Muscle changes length.

Concentric Contraction

Muscle shortens as it contracts.

Eccentric Contraction

Muscle lengthens as it contracts.

Joints

Where two or more bones meet.

Hip Joint

Pelvis and femur. Type: ball and socket

Shoulder Joint

Humerus and scapula. Type: ball and socket

Knee Joint

Femur and tibia. Type: hinge

Elbow Joint

Humerus, radius, and ulna. Type: hinge

Ankle Joint

Tibia, fibula, and talus. Type: hinge

Diastole

Heart relaxes and fills with blood.

Systole

Heart contracts, pumping blood out.

Flexion

Closing a joint.

Extension

Opening a joint.

Plantar Flexion

Extension at the ankle.

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at the ankle.

Adduction

Moving towards an imaginary centre line.

Abduction

Moving away from an imaginary centre line.

Rotation

Clockwise/anticlockwise movement of a limb.

Circumduction

Movement of a limb, hand or foot in a circular motion.

Red blood cells

Carries O2 by forming oxyhaemoglobin, also carries CO2.

Arteries

Carry blood away from heart; thick, muscular walls.

Veins

Carry blood towards heart; valves, large lumen.

Capillaries

Carry blood through body; thin walls, large surface area for gas exchange.

Joint capsule

Supports joint.

Ligaments

For stability.

Cartilage

Acts as a shock absorber and prevents friction between bones.

Synovial membrane

Releases Synovial Fluid to lubricate the joint.

Bursae

Reduce friction.

Mechanical advantage

Measures how efficient a lever is at moving heavy loads.

To breathe in…

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract; ribcage moves upwards, chest cavity expands; air pressure in the lungs decreases, drawing air in.

To breathe out…

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax; ribcage moves down, chest cavity shrinks; air pressure in the lungs increases, forcing air out.

Stroke volume

Volume of blood pumped per ventricle, per contraction.

Heart rate

Number of heartbeats per minute.

Cardiac output (Q)

Heart rate × stroke volume.

Aerobic Exercise

Using oxygen.

Anaerobic Exercise

Without oxygen.

Spirometer trace

Shows the volume of air in your lungs.

Gaseous Exchange

Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) between the alveoli and capillaries.