Sedimentary

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34 Terms

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Sediment

Pieces of rock that have been weathered and possibly eroded.

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Detrital Sediment

Sedimentary rocks made of mineral grains weathered as mechanical detritus of previous rocks, e.g. sand, gravel.

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Non Detrital Sediment

Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that have been precipitated from water or formed through biological processes.

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Weathering

Breaking down rocks into small pieces by chemical or mechanical means.

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Physical Weathering

The process by which rocks break down into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition.

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Chemical Weathering

Breaking down of mineral material via chemical methods, like dissolution and oxidation.

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Frost Wedging

A process where water freezes inside cracks in rocks, causing expansion and mechanical weathering.

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Abrasion

A process where friction causes particles of rock to be worn away through scraping, rubbing, or scouring.

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Plant Root Pressure

Plant roots grow into cracks in rocks, exerting pressure as they expand and splitting the rock apart.

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Exfoliation

A type of mechanical weathering where outer layers of rock fracture off, approximately parallel to the surface.

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Oxidation

A chemical reaction where a substance in a rock reacts with oxygen, causing breakdown of the material.

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Acidation

A process where rainwater becomes acidic from pollutants, accelerating chemical weathering.

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Hydration

A type of chemical weathering where water molecules bond with a mineral, changing its structure.

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Lithification

The process of turning sediment into sedimentary rock, including deposition, compaction, and cementation.

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Dehydration

The process where minerals lose water molecules from their crystal structure.

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Compaction

Sediment being squeezed together into a coherent mass.

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Cementation

Sediment being glued together via mineralization, typically calcite and quartz.

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Quartz

One of the most common minerals, transparent with no cleavage, found in many geologic settings.

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Clay

A soft, fine-grained, natural material made up of clay minerals with plastic properties.

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Sandstone

A rock primarily made of sand.

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Shale

A very fine-grained rock with very thin layering, also known as fissile.

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Limestone

A chemical or biochemical rock made mainly of calcite.

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Coal

Former swamp-derived plant material that is part of the rock record.

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Detrital Texture

Sedimentary rock texture defined by the size, sorting, and roundness of its grains.

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Nondetrial Texture

A sedimentary rock texture that is crystalline and not clastic.

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Bowen’s Reaction Series

A series that relates to a mineral’s chemical stability; higher minerals are less stable.

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Nivation (Frost Wedging)

Water freezing in cracks of rock, expanding, and eventually breaking the rock apart.

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Stream Rounding

The transport of pebbles in a stream causing them to collide and become smooth and rounded.

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Diagenesis

Anything that happens to sediment after it is deposited.

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Detrital Rocks

Examples include Quartz, Clay, Shale, Sandstone, Conglomerate, Breccia, Siltstone.

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Non Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

Examples include Limestone, Dolomite, Chert, Travertine, Coal.

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Diagenetic Processes

Processes such as compaction and dehydration that lithify sedimentary rocks.

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Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Composition

Sandstone - Quartz Sand, Shale - Clay.

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Non Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Composition

Limestone - Calcite, Coal - Carbon.