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Language Difference:
Difficulties are present only while communicating in one language. Therapeutic intervention is elective.
Language Disorder:
Client demonstrates communication difficulties in all languages spoken. Warrants therapeutic intervention.
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one’s culture is not just different, but more superior or “right.” (Judging other countries’ diets, Expecting others to speak English to you, Accents, Cultural Dress)
What do we assess in an oro-facial examination?
Entire oro-facial mechanism (Face, Jaw, Dentition, Pharynx. Hard and Soft Palate, Lips, Tongue).
Why do we assess the oro-facial mechanism?
To determine the oro-facial mechanism’s structural and functional adequacy for speech.
What are you looking for when assessing the lips?
Range of motion, Symmetry, Strength, Fluidity of movement, Nasal Emission
What are you looking for when assessing the tongue?
Color, Extraneous Movement, Size, Frenulum, Excursion, Range of Motion, Strength, Movement, Independent Movement
What are you looking for when assessing the teeth?
Occlusion (Overbite V Underbite), Occlusion (Open V Closed bite), Arrangement, Orthodontia
What are you looking for when assessing the jaws?
Range of motion, Symmetry of movement, Non speech movement, Movement during speech
What are you looking for when assessing the hard palate?
Color, Arch Height, Arch Width, Growths, Fistula, Uvula Appearance, Palatal Cleft, Submucosal Cleft, Symmetry at Rest
What are you looking for when assessing the soft palate?
Symmetry of movement, Posterior movement, Lateral movement, Uvula movement, Nasality
What are you looking for when assessing the pharynx?
Color, Tonsils
What are you looking for when assessing breathing?
Mouth breathing
Enlarged tonsils – what do they interfere with?
Restricts airway
Why is a language sample analysis important?
Allows the SLP to collect information not available via standardized testing.
Provides a sample of authentic communication (if done correctly).
Allows for multiple analyses to be completed on a single sample, each measuring a different aspect of communication.
Areas that we can analyze using language sampling.
Syntax, Vocabulary, Morphology, Semantics, Pragmatics, Articulation
What is an appropriate speech sampling task for a younger child?
Wordless picture books, Telling back a story, Play activities, Describing a favorite birthday party, special event, or favorite vacation, Describing a contextual picture with lots of action
What is an appropriate speech sampling task for an older child?
Reading the Rainbow Passage, Conversing about a TV show, school subject, magazine article, sports, or hobbies, Discussing favorite parts of school or favorite activities, Describing how to play a certain sport or make a particular craft.
How do you calculate a type token ratio?
Number of Different Words / Total Number of Words in a Sample
What does Type Token Ratio measure?
Functional Vocabulary Skills
Templin (1957) reported that normally developing children between the ages of three and eight years have TTRs of _____ - _____.
0.45 - 0.50
Assessment of Speech Sound Disorders Purpose
Diagnosis of a speech sound disorder
Description of the characteristics and severity of the disorder
Recommendations for intervention targets
Identification of factors that might contribute to the speech sound disorder
Monitor changes in articulatory or phonological abilities and performance across time
Referral to other professionals as needed
Analysis of Speech Disorders – what information are we looking for?
Number of errors, Error types, Form of errors, Consistency of errors, Intelligibility, Rate of speech, Prosody
Sections that we assess when completing a speech sound analysis.
Single word testing, Connected speech sampling, Stimulability
Why complete a screening?
Quickly identify those people who communicate within normal limits and those who may have a communicative disorder.
Drawbacks to formal testing.
Phonemes elicited in only one phonetic context within a preselected word.
Most tests only elicit phonemes at word level.
Some tests only look at consonants, not vowels
Some clients display inconsistent speech productions (such as Apraxia of Speech)
What is stimulability?
How well the individual imitates a misarticulated sound in one or more contexts and the level of cueing necessary to achieve the best production.
Why is stimulability important to assess?
To determine if the sounds are likely to be acquired without intervention, to select appropriate therapy targets, and to predict improvement in therapy.
Considerations for choosing goals from speech sound analysis.
Developmental norms for phonemes and blends, frequency of occurrence of consonants, stimulability
What are phonological processes?
Error patterns in articulation
Examples of phonological processes.
Final consonant deletion, backing, cluster, reduction, stopping, etc.
What do you assess when evaluating language in children?
Semantics, Syntax, Morphology, Pragmatics, Phonology
Developmental Language Disorder
No obvious cause or co-occurring condition, persists at school age and beyond, previously known as specific language impairment.
Language Disorder Associated
Secondary to another condition or diagnosis, such as a genetic condition, sensorineural hearing loss, Autism, TBI, intellectual disability, etc.
Late Language Emergence (LLE)
Language skills are below their peers but do not have risk factors, not diagnosis of “disorder” unless the problems persist after 5 years of age.
Considerations when choosing formal assessments
Child’s age, Specific language concerns to be addressed, Cultural linguistic background, Time, Ability to participate, Certain test requirements - school, insurance company, etc.
Appropriate goals for Receptive Language
Understanding what people say, Understanding gestures, Following directions, Answering questions, Pointing to objects and pictures, Knowing how to take turns when talking with others
Appropriate goals for Expressive Language
Using words correctly, Asking questions, Naming objects, Using gestures, Putting words together into sentences, Rhyming, Telling stories
