western civilization test 2

King Louis XVI

The last king of France before the French Revolution.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France and Louis XVI's wife, disliked for her Austrian origins and extravagance.

Estates-General

A legislative assembly of the three estates of the French realm convened in 1789.

1789

The year the French Revolution began with the storming of the Bastille.

Tennis Court Oath

An oath by members of the Third Estate vowing not to disband until a constitution was established.

Bastille

A fortress and prison in Paris stormed on July 14, 1789, symbolizing rebellion.

Lafayette

A French aristocrat and military officer significant in the French Revolution.

Jurists

Clergy who swore an oath to the new civil constitution during the French Revolution.

Non-Jurists

Clergy who refused to take the oath to the new civil constitution in the French Revolution.

Levee en Masse

Mass conscription of French citizens during the French Revolution.

The Guillotine

A device used for execution by beheading, common during the Reign of Terror.

Cult of the Supreme Being

A deistic religion created by Robespierre to replace Christianity during the Reign of Terror.

Maximilien Robespierre

A radical Jacobin leader and key figure in the Reign of Terror.

The Consulate

The government of France from 1799 to 1804, led by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Concordat of 1801

An agreement restoring some power of the Catholic Church in France.

Code Napoleon (Napoleonic Code)

A legal system emphasizing equality before the law established by Napoleon.

Haitian Revolt

A successful slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue leading to independent Haiti.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution and a former slave turned military commander.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Louverture's lieutenant who declared Haiti's independence.

Napoleonic Wars

Conflicts fought between France under Napoleon and various European powers.

Battle of Trafalgar

A naval battle in 1805 where the British navy defeated the French and Spanish fleets.

Battle of Austerlitz

A significant victory for Napoleon in 1805 against Austria and Russia.

Battle of Jena-Auerstedt

A decisive victory for Napoleon in 1806 against the Prussian army.

Peninsular Campaign

The conflict in Spain and Portugal from 1808 to 1814 against Napoleon's army.

Sir Arthur Wellesley (Duke of Wellington)

A British general who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.

Continental System

Napoleon's economic blockade designed to cripple British trade.

Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations)

A major defeat for Napoleon in 1813 leading to his abdication.

Congress of Vienna

A conference to redraw the political map of Europe post-Napoleon.

Louis XVIII

The king of France restored to the throne after Napoleon's first abdication.

Klemens von Metternich

A leading Austrian statesman at the Congress of Vienna.

Duke of Wellington

British general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.

Battle of Waterloo

The final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 by a coalition of European forces.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries on a wide scale.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Social Consequences of Industrialization

Issues like urbanization, poverty, and child labor arising from the Industrial Revolution.

Consumer Revolution

Increased consumption of goods during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Textile Mills

Factories producing textiles using machines powered by water or steam.

Karl Marx

A German philosopher who developed Marxism and communism.

Friedrich Engels

Co-author of 'The Communist Manifesto' with Karl Marx.

Proletariat

The working class selling their labor for wages.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class owning the means of production.

Middle Class

The social group between the working and upper classes.

Working Class

People employed for wages, especially in manual labor.

Separate Spheres

The idea that men and women occupy distinct societal roles.

Concert of Europe

An alliance system among European powers to maintain peace after the Napoleonic Wars.

Conservatism

A political philosophy emphasizing tradition and stability.

Liberalism

Political philosophy emphasizing individual rights and limited government.

Republicanism

Emphasis on civic virtue and popular sovereignty.

Socialism

An ideology advocating for public ownership of production means.

Nationalism

Emphasis on loyalty to one's nation.

Communism

An ideology advocating for a classless society with common ownership.

Romanticism

An artistic movement emphasizing emotion and individualism.

Genius

An individual capable of creating original works of art or thought.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An advocate for women’s rights and author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.'

Mary Shelley

Author of 'Frankenstein' and a prominent English novelist.

Lord Byron

A prominent English Romantic poet.

John Constable

A Romantic painter known for his landscape works.

JMW Turner

An English Romantic painter noted for dramatic landscapes.

Eugène Delacroix

A French Romantic painter known for vibrant emotional works.

First generation poets

Poets like Wordsworth and Coleridge who started the Romantic movement.

Second generation poets

Poets like Byron and Keats following the first generation.

Rotten Borough

A parliamentary borough in England with a very small electorate.

Corn Laws

Tariffs on imported grains in Britain aimed at protecting domestic producers.

1848

A year of widespread revolutions across Europe demanding liberal reforms.

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France starting in 1852.

Plebiscite

A direct vote by electorate on an important public question.

Frankfurt Assembly

A 1848 meeting aiming to create a unified German nation.

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist advocating for Italian unification.

Risorgimento

The 19th-century Italian unification movement.

Universal Suffrage

Voting rights for all adult citizens regardless of demographics.

Male Suffrage

Voting rights limited to adult males, a common initial step in suffrage.

Female Suffrage

The right of women to vote, achieved in many countries in the 20th century.

Property Suffrage

Voting rights restricted to property owners.

Limited Suffrage

Voting rights restricted to specific groups based on various criteria.

Equal Suffrage

All votes have equal weight.

Direct Suffrage

Voters elect representatives directly.

Indirect Suffrage

Voters elect electors who then elect representatives.