western civilization test 2

1. King Louis XVI: The last king of France before the French Revolution. His indecisiveness and resistance to reform contributed to the revolution.

2. Marie Antoinette: Queen of France, Louis XVI's wife. She was widely disliked due to her Austrian origins and perceived extravagance.

3. Estates-General: A legislative assembly of the three estates of the French realm: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. It was convened in 1789, marking the beginning of the French Revolution.

4. 1789: The year the French Revolution began with the storming of the Bastille.

5. Tennis Court Oath: An oath taken by members of the Third Estate, who formed the National Assembly, vowing not to disband until a constitution was established.

6. Bastille: A fortress and prison in Paris that was stormed on July 14, 1789, a symbolic act of rebellion against royal authority.

7. Lafayette: A French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War and played a significant role in the early stages of the French Revolution.

8. Jurists: In the context of the french revolution, it refers to clergy who swore an oath to the new civil constitution of the clergy.

9. Non-Jurists: In the context of the french revolution, it refers to clergy who refused to swear an oath to the new civil constitution of the clergy.

10. Levee en Masse: A mass conscription of French citizens during the French Revolution, creating a large national army.

11. The Guillotine: A device used for execution by beheading, widely used during the Reign of Terror.

12. Cult of the Supreme Being: A deistic religion established by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror, intended to replace Christianity.

13. Maximilien Robespierre: A radical Jacobin leader during the French Revolution and a key figure in the Reign of Terror.

14. The Consulate: The government of France from 1799 to 1804, with Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul.

15. Concordat of 1801: An agreement between Napoleon and the Catholic Church, restoring some of the church's power in France.

16. Code Napoleon (Napoleonic Code): A comprehensive legal system established by Napoleon, emphasizing equality before the law and property rights.

17. Haitian Revolt: A successful slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), leading to the establishment of an independent Haiti.

18. Toussaint Louverture: The leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave who became a skilled military commander.

19. Jean-Jacques Dessalines: Louverture's lieutenant, who declared Haiti's independence and became its first ruler.

20. Napoleonic Wars: A series of conflicts fought between France under Napoleon and various European powers.

21. Battle of Trafalgar: A naval battle in 1805 in which the British navy, led by Admiral Nelson, defeated the French and Spanish fleets.

22. Battle of Austerlitz: A major victory for Napoleon in 1805 against the Austrian and Russian armies.

23. Battle of Jena-Auerstedt: A decisive victory for Napoleon in 1806 against the Prussian army.

24. Peninsular Campaign: The conflict in Spain and Portugal from 1808 to 1814, in which British, Portuguese, and Spanish forces fought against Napoleon's army.

25. Sir Arthur Wellesley (Duke of Wellington): A British general who played a crucial role in the Peninsular War and defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.

26. Continental System: Napoleon's economic blockade against Britain, intended to cripple its trade.

27. Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations): A major defeat for Napoleon in 1813, leading to his abdication.

28. Congress of Vienna: A conference of European powers held in 1814-1815 to redraw the political map of Europe after Napoleon's defeat.

29. Louis XVIII: The king of France restored to the throne after Napoleon's first abdication.

30. Klemens von Metternich: The Austrian statesman who played a leading role in the Congress of Vienna.

31. Duke of Wellington: British general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.

32. Battle of Waterloo: The final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 by a coalition of European forces.

Industrial Revolution & Social/Political Movements:

33. Industrialization: The process of developing industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

34. Industrial Revolution: A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

35. Social Consequences of Industrialization: Issues like urbanization, poverty, child labor, and poor working conditions that arose from the Industrial Revolution.

36. Consumer Revolution: The increased consumption of goods and services during the 18th and 19th centuries, driven by new technologies and changing social norms.

37. Textile Mills: Factories that produced textiles using machines powered by water or steam.

38. Karl Marx: A German philosopher and economist who developed the theories of Marxism and communism.

39. Friedrich Engels: A German philosopher and social scientist who co-authored "The Communist Manifesto" with Karl Marx.

40. Proletariat: The working class, who sell their labor for wages.

41. Bourgeoisie: The middle class, who own the means of production.

42. Middle Class: The social group between the working class and the upper class, including professionals, merchants, and industrialists.

43. Working Class: The social group consisting of people who are employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work.

44. Separate Spheres: The idea that men and women should occupy distinct roles in society, with men in the public sphere and women in the private sphere.

45. Congress of Vienna: (Repeated from above).

46. Concert of Europe: A system of alliances and cooperation among European powers to maintain peace and stability after the Napoleonic Wars.

47. Conservatism: A political philosophy emphasizing tradition, hierarchy, and stability.

48. Liberalism: A political philosophy emphasizing individual rights, limited government, and free markets.

49. Republicanism: A political ideology that emphasizes civic virtue, popular sovereignty, and the rule of law.

50. Socialism: A political and economic ideology advocating for public ownership or control of the means of production.

51. Nationalism: A political ideology emphasizing loyalty and devotion to one's nation.

52. Communism: A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless, stateless society with common ownership of the means of production.

53. Romanticism: An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature.

54. Genius: In the romantic era, the individual who through their own inner being, could create original works of art, or thought.

55. Mary Wollstonecraft: An English writer and advocate for women's rights, author of "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman."

56. Mary Shelley: An English novelist and author of "Frankenstein."

57. Lord Byron: A prominent English Romantic poet.

58. John Constable: An English Romantic painter known for his landscape paintings.

59. JMW Turner: An English Romantic painter known for his expressive and dramatic landscape paintings.

60. Eugène Delacroix: A French Romantic painter known for his vibrant and emotional works.

61. First generation poets: In English romanticism, poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who began the movement.

62. Second generation poets: In English romanticism, poets such as Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats, who followed the first generation.

63. Rotten Borough: A parliamentary borough in England with a very small electorate, allowing it to be easily controlled.

64. Corn Laws: Tariffs on imported grains in Britain, designed to protect domestic producers.

65. 1848: A year of widespread revolutions across Europe, driven by demands for liberal reforms and national unification.

66. Napoleon III: The nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, who became Emperor of France in 1852.

67. Plebiscite: A direct vote by all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution.

68. Frankfurt Assembly: A meeting of representatives from German states in 1848, aiming to create a unified German nation.

69. Giuseppe Mazzini: An Italian nationalist and advocate for Italian unification.

70. Risorgimento: The Italian unification movement in the 19th century.

Suffrage (Different Kinds):

Universal Suffrage:

• The right of all adult citizens to vote, regardless of property ownership, income, race, ethnicity, religion, or gender.  

• Male Suffrage:

  • The right of all adult male citizens to vote. This was a common stage in the development of suffrage rights.  

• Female Suffrage:

  • The right of women to vote. This was a hard-won right achieved in most countries in the 20th century.  

• Property Suffrage:

  • The right to vote limited to those who own property. This was a common restriction in earlier electoral systems.

• Limited Suffrage:

  • Any system where voting rights are restricted to a specific group, whether by property, education, race, or other criteria.

• Equal Suffrage:

  • This term is used to express that all votes are equal, and weighted equally.  

• Direct Suffrage:

  • Voters directly elect their representatives.  

• Indirect Suffrage:

  • Voters elect electors, who then elect the representatives.

    For example, the United states presidential election utilizes indirect suffrage.  

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