Philosopy 2nd Quarter

Review

By definition, it is generally and commonly defined to represent the entire Human Race.

Man

A term used to refer for various classifications and species. For a living man, _______ is under the classification of Mammalia.

Human

A term used to separate man from other Human Classifications like animals.

Human Being

A general term refers to the state of being a person with unique, sacred and ethical status within him/herself.

Personhood

Refers to an individual who possess self-awareness, self-determination, rational mind, and the capacity to interact with other and with himself/herself

Person

refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans from all other creatures.

Human Nature

from time after time learned how to live beyond what was traditional through the various human evolutions from Hominid to Homo Sapiens or the Modern Man people learn the concept of power, politics and economics.

Human Person

is an animating core living within each of us. It is known to be the driving force behind what we actually think, do and say.

Embodied Spirit

It refers to the ability to explore and surpass owns limits. People can transcend limits through their physical and mental abilities. It drives an individual to become better persons and to improve themselves in every way.

Human Transcendence

Human Characteristics

Self-Awareness

Interaction/Externality

Self-Determination

Dignity

This refers to clear perception of oneself about his or her thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions.

Self-Awareness

Man is a social being and a person tends to build relationships with other people.

Interaction/Externality

This refers to the awareness of one's actions and the idea that oneself is the source of action.

Self-Determination

A human person has dignity, which is the recognition that every human being is indispensable and irreplaceable, each person has a worth and value that goes beyond and cannot be measured.

Dignity

The Four Noble Truths

Dukkha

Samudaya

Nirodha

Magga

Dukkha

The Truth of Suffering

Samudaya

The Truth of the Origin of Suffering

Nirodha

The Truth of the end of Suffering

Magga

The truth of the path to the end of Suffering

Right View, Right Intentions, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Concentration, Right Mindfulness

The Eightfold Paths

Know the truth

Right View

Free your mind of evil

Right Intentions

Say nothing that hurts others

Right Speech

Work for the good of others

Right Action

Respect life

Right Livelihood

Resist evil

Right Effort

Practice meditation

Right Concentration

Control your thoughts

Right Mindfulness

examines our relation, as human beings, to nature or our natural environment

Environmental Philosophy

originated as a reaction to this emphasis, pursuing instead the investigation of the aesthetic appreciation of natural environments.

Enviromental Aesthetics

3 Major View of Environmental Philosophy

Anthropocentrism, Biocentrism, Ecocentrism

in its original connotation in environmental ethics, is the belief that value is human-centered and that all other beings are means to human ends.

Anthropocentrism

is the ethical perspective that all living things deserve equal moral consideration.

Biocentrism

is a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of all living things including the importance of their environment.

Ecocentrism

is ultimately about extending moral consideration. When certain objects have intrinsic value, they should be treated with respect for their own sake and their rights should not be overridden without reason

Environmental Ethics

is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable Development

must be shown in the management of all living species and natural resources, in accordance with the precepts of sustainable development.

Prudence

means using up as few natural resources as possible

Frugality

Moral Kinds of Freedom

Physical, Psychological, Moral

It indicates the lack of any physical restriction.

Physical

It's also known as freedom of choice. The person is free to do what he or she believes is right and wise. A person’s psychological freedom is inherent and cannot be taken away.

Psychological

It refers to using freedom in a manner that respects human dignity and goodness.

Moral

PRUDENCE is practical wisdom, the knowledge of how we should act in accord with our true nature.

Prudence is the first thing that comes to mind while making a moral decision.

According to Aristotle

Elements of Prudence

Memoria, Docilitas, Solertia

The ability to recall what is most important in ethical behavior.

Memoria

prudent people are open-minded, eager to learn the truth, and willing to do what the truth demands.

Docilitas

Prudence requires ________, or the “perfected ability” to distinguish between right and wrong.

Solertia

Three Parts of Prudential Act

Step 1: Deliberation

Step 2: Judgement

Step 3: Execution

This is the stage where we gather all the relevant information, starting with a consideration of moral principles.

Step 1: Deliberation

After deliberating, we must weigh all the evidence fairly, and then figure out the best course of action. Failure to make a judgment is called indecision.

Step 2: Judgment

Once we judge the right thing to do, we have got to act. If you figure out the proper action, but then fail to perform it, what's the benefit? Failure to carry out what you believe to be the proper decision is called irresoluteness.

Step 3: Execution

Types of human action in connections with responsibility

Voluntary Action

Involuntary Action

It is a behavior that is in your control. These are the things that you do willingly and are usually called "free action."

Voluntary Action

Human bodies do many things that are not voluntary actions because the person does not control what is done like the beating of your heart and the digestion of your food. In general, anything your body does that you do not realize it is doing or that you do not consent to do is not a voluntary action.

Involuntary Action

Reason of having Involuntary Action by Aristotle

Ignorance

Compulsion

If you do not understand the circumstances.

Ignorance

The action or state of forcing or being forced to do something.

Compulsion

Types of Compulsion

External Compulsion

Inner Compulsion

usually exists when a person is forced to do something; he does not do it “of her own will”.

External Compulsion

removes a person’s ability to choose. It occurs when some inner psychological factor forces a person to act.

Inner Compulsion

3 Major Views on Human Freedom

Fatalism View

Indeterminism View

Determinism View

Idea that every event in the universe has been predetermined from the beginning of time. There is no way to change the set course of events.

Fatalism View

man's will or capacity for choice is independent of all antecedent (prior) conditions and that the human will is free of the causal principle that binds the rest of the universe.

Indeterminism View

Nothing happens "by mere chance. “ There are natural laws that dictate that whatever happens is a result of previous events.

Determinism View

Types of Determinism

Soft Determinism

Hard Determinism

free will and determinism can coexist without contradiction. All events are caused but we are responsible to our own actions.

Soft Determinism

disregards the existence of free will. Environment, heredity, unconscious impulses, defense mechanisms, and other influences determine people to act the way they do; and because of that, they are not responsible for their actions.

Hard Determinism