Chapter 11-14 Personality Multiple Choice Questions

Kelly's personality theory derived from:

his experience as a clinician

According to Kelly, individuals use personal constructs to:

predict and control the events in their lives

Once formed, constructs tend to:

guide our behavior

Which of the following is a reason for an individual to test his or her construct against reality?

to confirm his or her construct

According to Kelly's construction corollary, _____.

people can predict how they will experience a repeated event in the future

The main characteristic of the organization corollary is that:

constructs can include one or more subordinate constructs

Instead of being friendly, Jim continues to act in a hostile manner even when rebuffed for it. According to George Kelly, which of the following best explains Jim's persistent behavior?

All of these are correct

A construct's range of convenience is:

its relevance to a particular situations or people

The _____ corollary says that people need to fit themselves in the constructs of the persons with whom they want to have positive relationships.

sociality

Which of the following is true of interpreting the Role Construct Repertory (REP) Test?

Kelly did not intend the test to be a standardized, objective, self-report inventory

George Kelly promoted a form of psychotherapy called _____ therapy.

fixed role

The validity of the Role Construct Repertory (REP) Test depends on:

the skill of the psychologist interpreting the results

According to research on Kelly's theory, which of the following is true of friendships among college students?

people befriend those whose constructs are already similar to theirs

Currently, Kelly's personal construct theory:

enjoys a broad base of support in Europe and Canada

All of the following are criticisms of Kelly's theory except that:

the concept of the unconscious lacks empirical support

Skinner's treatment of personality is unusual because:

he did not look for the causes, motives, and drives within people.

Skinner described human beings as:

empty organisms

Which of the following is true of the application of Skinner's behavioral approach?

It is widely used in schools, correctional institutions, and hospitals.

We get a glimpse of Skinner's view that people operate predictably in his childhood interest of:

constructing mechanical devices

At age 22, Skinner experienced:

an identity crisis

When a specific stimulus elicits a response, it is called:

respondent behavior

Which of the following does Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning involve?

substituting one stimulus for another

In Skinner's experiment with a rat, the _____ becomes the reinforcer for the behavior of depressing the bar.

food

In Skinner's research, food-deprived rats pressed a lever to receive a food pellet. The rat will eventually press the lever:

because its behavior is under the control of the reinforcers

An employee paid on a weekly basis operates under a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

In a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule, if the interval between presentations of reinforcers is shortened the response rate will:

increase

To Skinner, self-control means:

control over the variables that determine behavior

Skinner suggests all of the following techniques in order to control the external variable that determines our behavior through self-control except:

physical punishment

With positive reinforcement, the environment changes as a consequence of the behavior; in case of negative reinforcement, _____.

the noxious stimulus will disappear

On the issue of free will versus determinism, Skinner believed people function:

like machines

According to Bandura, the observational learning approach:

all of these are correct

Which of the following is true about the life of Albert Bandura?

Bandura’s parents understood the value of education and encouraged him to study

According to the Bobo doll studies conducted by Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963, the group of children who watched an adult model attack a Bobo doll was:

twice as aggressive as those in the control group

According to the studies on modeling conducted by Bandura, which of the following statements is true?

Children model their behavior on examples provided by their parents

In the context of modeling, which of the following is more likely to be imitated?

all of these are correct

Which of kind of behavior is most likely to be imitated by children?

aggressive

Each of the following is a process of observational learning except:

extinction processes

According to Bandura, attentional processes:

can be influenced by the model’s attractiveness and confidence

Which of the following is true of self-administered reinforcement?

all of these are correct

Self-reinforcement is:

apparently similar to conscience or superego

According to Bandura, which of the following statements is true about the development of self-efficacy during adulthood?

Women who feel high in self-efficacy about their parenting skills are likely to promote self-efficacy in their children.

In the context of the developmental stages of self-efficacy, in old age:

low self-efficacy can further affect physical and mental functioning

Arguing in favor of behavior modification, Bandura said it:

actually increases personal freedom

According to Bandura's position on free will versus determinism, people:

control behavior through the cognitive processes

Bandura's research:

compared the average performance of large groups

When Rotter began teaching at Ohio State, _____ was the director of the clinical psychology program.

George Kelly

At Ohio State University, Julian Rotter advanced his:

social-learning approach to psychology

In the context of locus of control, college students generally have been found to have an _____ rather than an _____ orientation.

internal; external

According to Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995, people apparently become more internally oriented as they grow older, reaching a peak in:

middle age

Evidence from the study of Ahlin & Lobo Antunes, 2016, suggests that locus of control is directly related to:

parental behavior

Zuckerman assessed sensation seeking in his subjects with the use of:

questionnaires

Zuckerman used the _____, a 40-item paper and pencil questionnaire as his method of research.

Sensation Seeking Scale

In the context of racial differences in sensation seekers, Asians scored _____ on the Sensation Seeking Scale than did people in Western countries.

lower

Pro-social risk takers, such as police officers and firefighters, had significantly _____ sensation seeking scores than anti-social risk takers, such as drug addicts and criminals.

lower

In the context of personality differences in sensation seeking, high scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale correlate with a high degree of _____.

autonomy

Which of the following phrases is most likely to be made by a person demonstrating learned helplessness?

“If they can’t do anything about this, then neither can I!”

According to Seligman, a(n) _____ explanatory style can prevent learned helplessness from spreading to other aspects of life.

optimistic

According to Seligman, learned helplessness during infancy and early childhood can predispose us to a(n):

pessimistic explanatory style

Which of the following is true about the life of Martin Seligman?

His early school days was marked by a feeling of isolation

According to a research in Germany in 2010, it was found the most important choices among life goals relating directly to happiness included the characteristics of one's partner, a healthy lifestyle:

a proper balance of work and leisure, and social involvement