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"No Taxation Without Representation"
The American colonists fought the American Revolution because they were upset at British taxation. They boycotted and resisted taxation, because they wanted self-government.
Federalism
they wanted a strong Federal (central) government and Anti-Federalists wanted strong States rights. The division of powers between Federal and State governments
Great Compromise
at the Constitutional Convention large states and small states agreed to create the bicameral legislature; agreement to create 2 houses of congress; the House of Representatives and the Senate
Robber Barron
a powerful industrialist like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Carnegie or JP Morgan; negative term for business leader
Andrew Carnegie
largest steel manufacturer of Industrial Age; Robber Barron and philanthropist
Vertical Integration
controlling all aspects of the production process from beginning to end; example is Andrew Carnegie owned iron mines, railroads, and steel factories
Chinese Exclusion Act
first group of immigrants outlawed from entering the U.S.; nativists feared the immigrants would take American jobs
Nativism
the belief America is for native-born Americans; anti-immigrant group
Social Darwinism
"survival of the fittest"; belief in laissez faire economics; no government interference
Open Door Policy
promoted open and equal trade for foreign nations in China; goal of U.S. following Spanish American War
Spanish American War
victory made the U.S. an overseas power; U.S. acquired Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines; desire for strategic military locations to protect business interests in Latin America and access to China
Acquisition of Hawaii
desire for naval bases and coaling station in the Pacific; forceful removal of Queen Lilioukalani
"I took the Canal and let Congress debate"
Teddy Roosevelt Big Stick Policy; desire for faster trade route between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Theodore Roosevelt
believer in using U.S. military power to protect interests in Latin America; Big Stick Policy, Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
William Taft
Dollar Diplomacy; Protect U.S. Business Interests in Latin America
Woodrow Wilson
Moral Diplomacy; Protect U.S. Business interests in Latin America; Promote democracy around the world, 14 Points and League of Nations
Fourteen Points
post-war goals for establishing world peace; League of Nations
Schenck V. U.S.
free speech is limited during a time of war; you cannot yell "FIRE!" in a crowded theater; government can arrest socialists, anarchists for criticizing the war effort
Treaty of Versailles
punishment of Germany to end WWI; included the creation of a League of Nations; treaty rejected by U.S. Senate because of fear of being drawn into foreign wars
League of Nations
Woodrow Wilson's main hope for creating world peace; an international organization like the United Nations
"The World Must be Made Safe for Democracy"
Woodrow Wilson's reason for declaring war against Germany; idealistic vision for U.S. intervention abroad
The Great Migration
the movement of African Americans out of the South to Northern cities in search of factory work; lead to the Harlem Renaissance
"The Business of America is Business"
Calvin Coolidge pro-business policies; Laissez Faire capitalism
Laissez-faire Capitalism
Republican economics; cut taxes, less government intervention
The Teapot Dome Scandal
Harding administration corruption; Albert Fall accepted bribes to lease U.S. land to oil companies; example of excesses of Laissez Faire economics
Harding
Return to Normalcy; Republican pro-business president; supported Palmer Raids during Red Scare; administration was corrupt "Teapot Dome Scandal"
Immigration Quotas
nativists feared immigrants, communists; restrictions of immigrants from Southern Eastern Europeans; created limits on number of immigrants who can come to U.S. based on percentage from 1890 census
Scopes Trial
court case in Tenessee over the right to teach evolution in school; clash between science and religion, ACLU vs. Fundamentalists
Marcus Garvey
"Back to Africa" movement; head of the United Negro Improvement Association; promoted "Black" nationalism and Black owned businesses
KKK
White Protestants that used terror and intimidation to promote "White Power"; against Blacks, Catholics, Jews and immigrants; Nativists, rural populations
ACLU
American Civil Liberties Union; fight for free speech and to defend the rights guaranteed in the Constitution; against KKK and religious fundamentalism
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; founded by W.E.B. Dubois to protect African Americans from lynching and segregation; ensure equal rights for African Americans
Red Scare
fear of communism following the Russian Revolution; discrimination against immigrants from Eastern Europe suspected of radicalism led to attacks on civiil liberties
Palmer Raids
Attorney general attack on immigrants suspected of being Communists, Socialists or Anarchists; attack on Civil Liberties following WWI; Red Scare
Volstead Act
Legislation to create the Prohibition Bureau; supported the 18th Amendment for the Prohibition of alcohol; impossible to enforce
Speakeasies and Bootleggers
ways people avoided Prohibition by creating illegal bars and smuggling alcohol; increase in organized crime
19th Amendment
Women's suffrage amendment that gave all women the right to vote; NWSA fought state by state win women the vote; started in Western states; Women's efforts working in factories during WWI major influence
Harlem Renaissance
rebirth of African American culture in Harlem, NY following the migration of A.A. to the North; Rise of distinct African American literature, art, and political movements; Langston Hughes/Luis Armstrong/ Billie Holiday/ Zora Neale Hurston/ Marcus Garvey
1920s Popular Culture
Radio/Movies/Magazines shaped a national identity that glamorized youth, consumerism, and the fads of the day.
Automobile
The assembly line made automobiles affordable for most Americans; Led to the rising popularity of suburbs as people could drive to the city easily for work.
Herbert Hoover
Supported a conservative "trickle down" philosophy of government intervention during the great depression. Slums of the homeless during the depression were called "Hoovervilles"
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Won a landslide victory against Hoover in the 1933 Presidential Election. Supported liberal government intervention and proposed the New Deal. FDR was a symbol of hope for many Americans.
Rugged Individualism
Self reliance, hard work, independent success; The conservative belief that people are successful through hard work and do not need government interference.
Federal Reserve
Created to control interest rates on Federal loans to increase the money supply and encourage business.
Causes of the Great Depression
Stock Market Crash 1929/ Buying on Credit; Bank failures; Under-consumption; Smoot-Hawley Tariff ; The Dust Bowl
Tariffs
Taxation of imported goods to support American businesses. Resulted in decreased trade around the world, worsening the Great Depression.
Dust Bowl
Drought stripped the topsoil from the Great Plains and many farmers lost their homes. Migrants moved to California and other places rumored to have work where they were met with hostility as they competed for the few jobs available.
The New Deal
FDR's liberal plan for government intervention of relief, recovery, and reform in response to the Great Depression. The First Hundred Days marked beginning of many new programs and agencies to help the low moral and economic conditions of the USA in the 1930s.
TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)
A New Deal program to provide economic assistance to the poor rural areas in the Tennessee region. The TVA effectively provided electricity to many rural areas and achieved much success assisting the rural poor.
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)/ WPA (Works Progress Administration)
New Deal Programs designed to help the unemployed by providing employment through public projects funded by the federal government. Helped many American feel productive and hopeful again.
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)/ SEC (Securities Exchange Commission)-
New Deal agencies started to create rules that limit investor speculation and protect the savings of individuals.
Labor Unions
Unskilled workers banded together to demand better working conditions and wages. Unions gained more power in the 1930s as government guaranteed the collective bargaining rights of laborers.
