Western Civ 2

Greek Slavery

slaves were obtained in 4 ways; children were sold or abandoned, kidnapped, children born into slavery, or POW. Slaves had 4 jobs; weaning, farming, silver or salt mines, or tactile factories.

Alexander the Great

King Philips son who led his military and fought along with them. He had knowledge of both tactical skills and the land making him a well rounded military commander.

Hoplites

heavily armed infantry soldiers in ancient Greece who entered battle in a phalanx formation

Phalanx

a rectangular formation of tightly massed infantry soldiers l

Gymnasium

secondary schools where the curriculum was typically classical antiquity.

Archimedes

most famous scientist of Hellenistic period; PI, hydrostatics

Hippocrates

was the first to separate med from philosophy

Herophilus

understanding of the brain, eye, liver, reproductive systems, and nervous systems

Eucharist

Lord's supper

Epicureanism

a philosophy founded by Epicurus in the fourth century BCE that taught that happiness (freedom of emotional turmoil) could be achieved through the pursuit of pleasure (intellectual rather than sensual pleasure)

Stoicism

a philosophy founded by Zeno in the fourth century BCE that taught that happiness could be obtained by accepting one's lot and living in harmony with the will of God, thereby achieving peace.

Syncretism

the combining of different forms of belief or practice, as, for example, when two gods are regarded as different forms of the same underlying divine force and are fused together

Ziggurat

a massive, stepped tower on which a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city was built

Oligarchy

rule by a few

Polytheistic

worshipped many gods/religions

Aristocracy

a class of hereditary nobility in medieval Europe, a warrior class who shared a distinctive lifestyle based on the institution of knighthood, although there were social divisions within the group based on extremes of wealth

Good Emperors

5 good emperors; Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelias; Treated ruling class with respect, cooperated with the senate, ended arbitrary executions, maintained peace in the empire, supportive domestic policies.

Imperium

right to command

Consuls

the chief executive officers of the Roman republic, Two were chosen annually to administer the government and lead the army in battle.

Praetors

a roman executive official responsible for the administration of the law

Dictator

someone who has right to command in a time of emergency

Quaestors

assist consuls and praetors in financial matters

Aediles

2 functions; supervised public games and watched over grain supply of the city

Senate

the leading council of the roman republic; composed of about three hundred men (senators) who served for life and dominated the political life of the republic

Paterfamilias

head of household, typically the oldest male, same bloodline

Patricians

aristocracy, wealthy, running everything in society from all aspects.

Plebians

"blue collar", doing the hard work of everyday people

Legionaries

recruited out of the Roman citizen pool and served for 20 years

Rhetoric

the art of persuasive speaking; be a zealous advocate for your client, useful for those wanting to try for a political office

Gracchus

member of the Nobiles, wrote land reform bill authorizing government to reclaim public and private land and redistribute it among society.

Nobiles

"nobles" small group of families from both patrician and plebian origins who produced most of the men who were elected to office in the roman republic

Pompey

general, military hero, and is known for controlling the Mediterranean sea, clearing out piracy, organized east sections of the empire.

Cicero

collective or cooperative ruler

Julius Caesar

became dictator for life of Rome before being assassinated

Principate

co ruling with the senate

Princeps

1st citizen of the state

Auxiliaries

non Roman citizens, 130,000 members and served for 24 years

Pax Romana

Roman Peace

Colosseum

held many entertainment events such as the gladiator games; had a capacity of 50,000 and there was priority seating based on nobility

Christianity

main belief point is that anyone can be saved; big change from Greco Roman ideology

Agape

love feast held in Christian homes celebrating Jesus

Sophocles- known for writing tragedies and his literature

Herodotus- wrote The Histories

Greek Architecture- known for symmetry, styles included doric, ionic, and Corinthian

Aristotle – contributions in logic and biology

Greek Religion- polytheistic

Women in Classical Greece- expected to manage the home as well as bear children

Hellenistic World- from the death of ATG to Roman conquest of the last Hellenistic kingdom

King of Macedonia- Alexander the Great

Hellenistic Kingdoms

- Maledonia, Syria, Attalid, and Egypt

Hellenistic Military

included infantry, calvary, elephants, siege towers, and catapults

Hellenistic Cities- Alexandria, Antioch, and Pergamon

Hellenistic Economy- expansion of market for goods and trade

Hellenistic Society- diversity with both Greek and Eastern cultures

Queen Arsinoe- queen of Thrace and Macedonia

Hellenistic Art

- dramatic expression art

Science and Medicine-

Aristarchus- Heliocentric view of world (sun centered)

Eratosthenes – determined that the earth was round and calculated by circumference

Euclid- work in geometry elements

Erasistratus- discoveries in areas of digestion

Epicurus- philosopher that founded epicureanism whose idea was to seek tranquility and peace in the body without pain

Augustus Octavian- reformed tax system and expanded empire’s territory

Gladiators- roman fighters that fought for entertainment of the public in Rome

Vivisection – performing operations on live animals for research

Roman slavery- roman citizens that were considered property often born or sold into slavery

Twelve Tables

- first codified set of laws that promoted equality among citizens

Republic- government where supreme power is held by people and exercised by elected reps

Etruscans- city dwellers, established town and fortified their laws

Jesus Christ

Catacombs- underground burial for Christians

Paul of Tarsus

- went from persecuting Christians to converting people to Christians and supporting the religion

Infanticide- killing of a child within a year of its birth

Virgil – wrote the Aeneid

Livy

- history of Rome

Aqueducts- carried water to the inhabitants of Rome -

Appian Way – Rome’s oldest and most important road

Constantine- good for Christians, legalized Christianity, first Christian emperor, issued the edict of Milan