Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups and IUPAC Nomenclature

Flashcards based on lecture notes covering the properties of carbon, types of functional groups, classification of alcohols and amines, and IUPAC nomenclature rules.

Tetravalent

A property of carbon where it forms four bonds because it has $4$ valence electrons.

Carbon vs. Non-carbon Compounds

The ratio by which carbon compounds outnumber non-carbon compounds is $20:1$.

Covalent Bond

A shared electron pair formed when each unpaired electron is shared with an unpaired electron on another atom.

Octet Rule

The principle that determines the number of covalent bonds based on the electrons in the outer shell.

Functional Groups (FGs)

Diverse and specialised components that attach to the simple framework and confer functionality upon the compound.

Alkane

A hydrocarbon containing C-C single bonds, such as Propane ($CH_3CH_2CH_3$).

Alkene

A hydrocarbon containing a C=C double bond, such as $1$-Butene ($CH_3CH_2CH=CH_2$).

Alkyne

A hydrocarbon containing a $C\equiv C$ triple bond, such as Ethyne ($HC\equiv CH$).

Aromatic

A hydrocarbon group containing a Benzene ring ($C_6H_5-$), such as Toluene.

Alkyl halide

A group with the general structure R-X, where X can be F, Cl, Br, or I.

Primary ($1^{\circ}$) Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon attached to the OH group is attached to $1$ other carbon.

Secondary ($2^{\circ}$) Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon attached to the OH group is attached to $2$ other carbons.

Tertiary ($3^{\circ}$) Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon attached to the OH group is attached to $3$ other carbons.

Primary ($1^{\circ}$) Amine

A nitrogen-containing group with the structure $R-NH_2$ (one R group).

Quaternary Amine salt

A nitrogen-containing group with the structure $R_4N^+$ (four R groups).

Thiol (mercaptan)

A sulphur-containing group with the general structure R-SH.

Thioether (sulphide)

A sulphur-containing group with the general structure R-S-R'.

Functional Group Interconversion (FGI)

A process that transforms one functional group into another to change molecular properties, such as changing But-1-ene to Butan-1-ol.

IUPAC Parent

The part of the systematic name representing the length or number of carbon atoms in the main chain.

IUPAC Infix

The part of the systematic name representing the unsaturation (single, double, or triple C-C bonds) of the main chain.

IUPAC Suffix

The part of the systematic name representing the dominant functional group.

Meth-

The IUPAC parent name for a chain with $1$ carbon atom.

Prop-

The IUPAC parent name for a chain with $3$ carbon atoms.

But-

The IUPAC parent name for a chain with $4$ carbon atoms.

Icos-

The IUPAC parent name for a chain with $20$ carbon atoms.

Hect-

The IUPAC parent name for a chain with $100$ carbon atoms.

-an-

The IUPAC infix used for single C-C bonding.

-en-

The IUPAC infix used for double C-C bonding.

-yn-

The IUPAC infix used for triple C-C bonding.

Di-

The IUPAC prefix used to indicate $2$ substituents.

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

A drug molecule containing two aromatic rings, a secondary amine, an ether oxygen, and a trifluoromethyl group ($CF_3$).

Terbutaline

An asthma medication containing an aromatic ring, phenol groups, a secondary alcohol, and a secondary amine.

Hydrocarbon

An organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Saturated Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms, having the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon that contains at least one double or triple bond, resulting in fewer hydrogen atoms compared to saturated hydrocarbons.

Cycloalkane

A type of alkane that contains carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure.

Isomer

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

Electron Configuration

The distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals, indicating the energies of the electrons.

Substituent

An atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon chain.

Nomenclature

A systematic method for naming chemical compounds based on IUPAC rules.

Chirality

A property of a molecule that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image.

Enantiomers

Pairs of chiral molecules that are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed.