AP World History Unit 1

mandate of heaven

political philosophy in ancient China that creates the idea that rulers are deemed as fit to rule by the gods

Confucianism

system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius that dictated the way people should act; as in unequal relationships (father/son, master/servant)

filial piety

a social order that established respect for ancestors and superiors in Chinese society

daoism

cultural tradition in China created by Laozi said to go with the flow, was mainly for the lower class and worked with Confucianism

examination system

Chinese system that tested the intelligence of the upper class (and some middle class members) and rewarded them government positions based on merit, allowed for social mobility

Chinese impact on Korea

Koreans accepted Chinese culture like Buddhism and adopted some facets of Confucianism like filial piety which negatively affected Korean women (more restrictions on them)

Chinese impact on Vietnam

the Vietnamese adopted many parts of Chinese culture like Buddhism, examination system, Confucianism, and the Mandate of Heaven

positively affected Vietnamese culture by advancing it, did not affect Vietnamese women

Chinese impact on Japan

the Japanese chose to adopt certain parts of Chinese culture like Buddhism, Chinese calligraphy, and a centralized and bureaucratic government like China

these Chinese aspects were not fully adopted and became distinct Japanese culture such as government becoming decentralized with the Samurai

porcelain

high quality pottery made by Chinese craft workers used for better pottery and art

created jobs for porcelain makers and made the Chinese become renowned for porcelain

printing press

mechanical device that enabled people to quickly print texts

Buddhist texts, Confucian works and agricultural texts were printed in large qualities and spread to the population, quickly spreading this information

paper money

alternative to copper coins during the shortage of copper that were used by merchants to receive cash deposits to facilitate commercial transactions

was used so much that the Chinese government officially adopted and distributed it to prevent counterfeits, also made business transactions easier which boosted the economy

champa rice

type of fast-ripening rice that allowed farmers to harvest twice a year

resulting in significant economic development and an expanded supply of food

Muhammad

trader from Mecca who was told by the angel Gabriel to be Allah's messenger to the Arabs, became highly revered figure in Islam

the words that Allah told Muhammad through the angel Gabriel became the Quran, the sacred scriptures of Islam

Quran

sacred scripture of Islam that contains the revelations of Muhammad, very words of God and core of Islam

presented Allah as an all-powerful creator

umma

just and moral society, community of all believers that replaced tribal, ethnic and racial identities

bound by common belief and united believers of Islam

ulama

Muslim religious scholars; the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies

sufi

Islamic religious group that focused on spirituality through mysticism

Spread religion due to them living on the frontier

Fall of Abbasid Caliphate

Occurs when Mongols conquer Baghdad

decline of Abbasids begin when Seljuk Turks invade

seljuk turks

group of pastoral turks from central Asia

contributed to the decline and fragmentation of Abbasid Caliphate and took over the state later

delhi sultanate

islamic state in India formed by Turkic pastoralists

one of Islamic empires that emerged after fragmentation of Abbasid

house of wisdom

academic center in Abbasic caliphate that was a center of learning and research

shows how Abbasids encouraged innovations and transfer of knowledge by attracting scholars from all over the world

islamic contributions to medicine

contributed to knowledge behind diseases and anatomy and hospital infrastructure

islamic contributions to science/math

contribution to knowledge of origins of chemistry and physics and arabic numerals

hinduism

south Asian religion that believes in reincarnation and karma

organizes societies into a social caste system

buddhism

south Asian religion that branched off from Hinduism where the goal is to achieve nirvana

does away with the caste system and provides a more accessible religion that provides equality to the lowest people in society

Mahayana buddhism

more accessible form of Buddhism that had nirvana more achievable with the assistance of bodhisattvas, adaption to polytheism

bhakti movement

new kind of Hinduism where a specific god was worshipped

allowed opportunities for lower castes to gain equal treatment and signifies the effect of Islam on South Asia

Monastacism

practice of living life as a monk or nun, isolated

provided opportunities for women and low caste members to join a more inclusive society

caste system

system of social hierarchy in south Asia, measures progress towards moksha and created a social structure that determined jobs and opportunities in life

vijayanagara empire

empire in south Asia that formed to maintain a Hindu state in response of the Delhi sultanate

was a place where Hindus and Muslims had friendly relations within its borders

srivijaya empire

trading empire in southeast Asia that controlled trade routes from Indian Ocean to China

bantu migrations

movement of Bantu people from Western Africa south which resulted in the spread of Bantu language, agriculture and iron working through africa

Mali

empire in western Africa that controlled Trans-Saharan trade network and taxed it

also one of the first Islamic kingdoms in Western Africa

Ethiopia

empire in East Africa that used Christianity as a unifying tool to centralize power and bring people together culturally

judaism

monotheistic religion with a singular god that you can have a personal relationship with, laid the basis for Christianity and Islam

Christianity

sect of Judaism that believes in the teachings and divinity of Jesus

spread throughout Roman Empire and became most common religion in Europe

Saint Paul

early convert to Christianity who went around Roman Empire preaching Christianity

turned Christianity from a small Jewish sect to major religion

feudalism

decentralized form of government where vassals pledged loyalty to kings in return for land

led to many wars, a need for new technology and made warrior elites stronger while also weakening states

manorialism

economic system in feudalism where lords own land and serfs are bound to and work on it

responsible for agricultural production in feudalism

serfdom

peasant laborers were bound to the estate they worked on, not owned as property

main form of agricultural labor for lords and provided protection for serfs

impact of catholic church

main church in Europe with organized hierarchy and presence around Europe

culturally unified Europe, offered legitimacy to kings and empires and fulfilled some of the political/administrative rules of the Roman Empire

crusades

series of holy wars where Catholic European rulers worked together to free Jerusalem from Muslim control

resulted in increased interaction between Europe and Muslim countries also made Europeans aware of Chinese goods

aztecs

last and largest Mesoamerican state that conquered the majority of Mesoamerica into a single political framework

government was very unstable and decentralized

tribute system

required subjects of Aztec empire to provide labor and goods like textiles, clothing, food, military supplies and other goods

major part in keeping territories under control and in Aztec economy

Inca Empire

bureaucratic and intrusive empire stretching 2500 miles across the Andes that contained up to 10 mil subjects

one of the most wealthy and powerful states in South America

qui'pu

knotted cords of different lengths that served as accounting devices and recording things like births, deaths and marriage data

mit'a

labor service required in each household that had people work for the state by building infrastructures and more

infrastructure that was built helped with control of the government and economy

ayllus

clans in Incan society that sustained themselves on their own land and assisted in mit'a by providing workers