Studied by 31 peoplemandate of heaven
political philosophy in ancient China that creates the idea that rulers are deemed as fit to rule by the gods
Confucianism
system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius that dictated the way people should act; as in unequal relationships (father/son, master/servant)
filial piety
a social order that established respect for ancestors and superiors in Chinese society
daoism
cultural tradition in China created by Laozi said to go with the flow, was mainly for the lower class and worked with Confucianism
examination system
Chinese system that tested the intelligence of the upper class (and some middle class members) and rewarded them government positions based on merit, allowed for social mobility
Chinese impact on Korea
Koreans accepted Chinese culture like Buddhism and adopted some facets of Confucianism like filial piety which negatively affected Korean women (more restrictions on them)
Chinese impact on Vietnam
the Vietnamese adopted many parts of Chinese culture like Buddhism, examination system, Confucianism, and the Mandate of Heaven
positively affected Vietnamese culture by advancing it, did not affect Vietnamese women
Chinese impact on Japan
the Japanese chose to adopt certain parts of Chinese culture like Buddhism, Chinese calligraphy, and a centralized and bureaucratic government like China
these Chinese aspects were not fully adopted and became distinct Japanese culture such as government becoming decentralized with the Samurai
porcelain
high quality pottery made by Chinese craft workers used for better pottery and art
created jobs for porcelain makers and made the Chinese become renowned for porcelain
printing press
mechanical device that enabled people to quickly print texts
Buddhist texts, Confucian works and agricultural texts were printed in large qualities and spread to the population, quickly spreading this information
paper money
alternative to copper coins during the shortage of copper that were used by merchants to receive cash deposits to facilitate commercial transactions
was used so much that the Chinese government officially adopted and distributed it to prevent counterfeits, also made business transactions easier which boosted the economy
champa rice
type of fast-ripening rice that allowed farmers to harvest twice a year
resulting in significant economic development and an expanded supply of food
Muhammad
trader from Mecca who was told by the angel Gabriel to be Allah's messenger to the Arabs, became highly revered figure in Islam
the words that Allah told Muhammad through the angel Gabriel became the Quran, the sacred scriptures of Islam
Quran
sacred scripture of Islam that contains the revelations of Muhammad, very words of God and core of Islam
presented Allah as an all-powerful creator
umma
just and moral society, community of all believers that replaced tribal, ethnic and racial identities
bound by common belief and united believers of Islam
ulama
Muslim religious scholars; the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies
sufi
Islamic religious group that focused on spirituality through mysticism
Spread religion due to them living on the frontier
Fall of Abbasid Caliphate
Occurs when Mongols conquer Baghdad
decline of Abbasids begin when Seljuk Turks invade
seljuk turks
group of pastoral turks from central Asia
contributed to the decline and fragmentation of Abbasid Caliphate and took over the state later
delhi sultanate
islamic state in India formed by Turkic pastoralists
one of Islamic empires that emerged after fragmentation of Abbasid
house of wisdom
academic center in Abbasic caliphate that was a center of learning and research
shows how Abbasids encouraged innovations and transfer of knowledge by attracting scholars from all over the world
islamic contributions to medicine
contributed to knowledge behind diseases and anatomy and hospital infrastructure
islamic contributions to science/math
contribution to knowledge of origins of chemistry and physics and arabic numerals
hinduism
south Asian religion that believes in reincarnation and karma
organizes societies into a social caste system
buddhism
south Asian religion that branched off from Hinduism where the goal is to achieve nirvana
does away with the caste system and provides a more accessible religion that provides equality to the lowest people in society
Mahayana buddhism
more accessible form of Buddhism that had nirvana more achievable with the assistance of bodhisattvas, adaption to polytheism
bhakti movement
new kind of Hinduism where a specific god was worshipped
allowed opportunities for lower castes to gain equal treatment and signifies the effect of Islam on South Asia
Monastacism
practice of living life as a monk or nun, isolated
provided opportunities for women and low caste members to join a more inclusive society
caste system
system of social hierarchy in south Asia, measures progress towards moksha and created a social structure that determined jobs and opportunities in life
vijayanagara empire
empire in south Asia that formed to maintain a Hindu state in response of the Delhi sultanate
was a place where Hindus and Muslims had friendly relations within its borders
srivijaya empire
trading empire in southeast Asia that controlled trade routes from Indian Ocean to China
bantu migrations
movement of Bantu people from Western Africa south which resulted in the spread of Bantu language, agriculture and iron working through africa
Mali
empire in western Africa that controlled Trans-Saharan trade network and taxed it
also one of the first Islamic kingdoms in Western Africa
Ethiopia
empire in East Africa that used Christianity as a unifying tool to centralize power and bring people together culturally
judaism
monotheistic religion with a singular god that you can have a personal relationship with, laid the basis for Christianity and Islam
Christianity
sect of Judaism that believes in the teachings and divinity of Jesus
spread throughout Roman Empire and became most common religion in Europe
Saint Paul
early convert to Christianity who went around Roman Empire preaching Christianity
turned Christianity from a small Jewish sect to major religion
feudalism
decentralized form of government where vassals pledged loyalty to kings in return for land
led to many wars, a need for new technology and made warrior elites stronger while also weakening states
manorialism
economic system in feudalism where lords own land and serfs are bound to and work on it
responsible for agricultural production in feudalism
serfdom
peasant laborers were bound to the estate they worked on, not owned as property
main form of agricultural labor for lords and provided protection for serfs
impact of catholic church
main church in Europe with organized hierarchy and presence around Europe
culturally unified Europe, offered legitimacy to kings and empires and fulfilled some of the political/administrative rules of the Roman Empire
crusades
series of holy wars where Catholic European rulers worked together to free Jerusalem from Muslim control
resulted in increased interaction between Europe and Muslim countries also made Europeans aware of Chinese goods
aztecs
last and largest Mesoamerican state that conquered the majority of Mesoamerica into a single political framework
government was very unstable and decentralized
tribute system
required subjects of Aztec empire to provide labor and goods like textiles, clothing, food, military supplies and other goods
major part in keeping territories under control and in Aztec economy
Inca Empire
bureaucratic and intrusive empire stretching 2500 miles across the Andes that contained up to 10 mil subjects
one of the most wealthy and powerful states in South America
qui'pu
knotted cords of different lengths that served as accounting devices and recording things like births, deaths and marriage data
mit'a
labor service required in each household that had people work for the state by building infrastructures and more
infrastructure that was built helped with control of the government and economy
ayllus
clans in Incan society that sustained themselves on their own land and assisted in mit'a by providing workers
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