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the failure of chromosome pairs to separate either during meiosis I or meiosis II
nondisjunction
fertilization of an egg whose chromosomes have experienced nondisjunction will result in
a zygote with an abnormal number of chromosomes
two types of chromosome number alterations:
aneuploidy and polyploidy
occurs when a gamete has an abnormal number of chromosomes and unites with a normal gamete
aneuploidy
the zygote has an extra copy of a chromosome
trisomy
the zygote is missing a chromosome
monosomy
trisomy 21
down’s syndrome
turner syndrome
short stature, ears protruding outward, webbed neck
occurs when an organism has extra full sets of chromosomes
polyploidy
compare and contrast somatic cells with gametes
somatic cells are diploids, gametes are haploids
describe what a karyotype is
a visual representation of a person's chromosomes; a way to characterize the chromosomes
how can we distinguish a human somatic cell from a gamete using a karyotype
if they are in pairs or not
how many chromosomes would a human somatic cell have with trisomy
47
describe in detail the chromosome abnormality that causes Down’s syndrome
Error in metaphase (don’t line up properly) or anaphase (are not separated properly), resulting in two cells having too many chromosomes and two cells having too little chromosomes
Describe what amniocentesis is
a medical procedure that involves collecting a sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus during pregnancy
What two things can result in after fertilization if aneuploidy occurs in a gamete
a miscarriage or a live birth with a chromosomal abnormality and associated birth defects
