CIE IGCSE HISTORY DEPTH STUDY RUSSIA 1905-41 CHAPTER 7C

CIE IGCSE DEPTH STUDY RUSSIA 1905-1941

Who were the important members of the USSR during this time?

Stalin, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin

What were the 4 important factors leading to Stalin being chosen as the new leader of USSR?

Lenin’s Testament

Luck

Trotsky’s Mistakes

Stalin’s Cunning

What was the importance of Lenin’s will and testament?

-Praised Trotsky as a capable leader whilst stating his worry about Stalin having too much power

-It was never published

What were some of Trotsky’s mistakes?

-Arrogant and insulted senior officers of the communist party

-Underestimated Stalin and didn’t act

-Frightened others due to the support of the military

-His belief in the permanent revolution would result in the USSR being in a series of catastrophic wars which many didn’t like

Why did Stalin Modernize the USSR?

Security

• motivated by WW1 and intervention in the civil war

• Needed modernized industries to create equipment and supplies for wars

Ideology

• Communism relies on Workers

Power and Control

• Undermined the belief in the NEP by Bukharin

• Threat against political opponents who would be sent to torturous programs

Socialism in One country

• Make the USSR more self-sufficient

• Nationalism for more communist support

• Less imports and more exports

• Better education

Personal Reputation

• Make big changes like Lenin

• Take credits for great things

How did luck play a role in the selection process?

-Lenin dying

-Trotsky getting infected with Malaria-like infection

How did Stalin’s cunning play a role in the selection process?

-Lied about the time Lenin’s funeral was taking place leading to Trotsky not coming

• He became chief mourner

• He looked like Lenin’s closest friend

-Used his power effectively through the General Secretary

• worked his boring job

• placed his friends into positions of power

-Political maneuvering

• Allied with Zinoviev and Kamenev against Trotsky and Bukharin

• Bukharin against Kamenev and Zinoviev

• Expelled all and by 1929 became an unopposed leader

-Socialism in one country:

• More nationalist and less possibility of conflict

How did the 5 year plans start?

-Planned by the GOSPLAN

-Ended the NEP

What were the characteristics of the First 5-year plan?

-Focused on major industries

-New mills and industrial centers in underdeveloped areas

-Soviets entered the Muslim republics to build new industries

-Built cities from scratch

-Goals were not met but great advancement still made

What were the characteristics of the second 5-year plan?

-Built on the remanence of the first plan

-Focused on heavy industries

-More of Siberian resources

-Built more transportation

-Third plan interrupted

What were the major impacts of the two five-year plans?

Propaganda on workers

Female Workers

Slave Labor

Training

Control

Repression

Punishment and Blame

Achievements

Living conditions

Explain the Propaganda effect of the five-year plans?

-The targets were unreasonable

-Used propaganda to convince the workers to work as hard as possible

-Based of Stakhanov

-Called Stakhanovites

Explain the five-year plan’s effects on female workers

-New daycare centers

-4/5 new workers were women between 32 and 37

-Allowed women to work

Explain the Slave labor effect of the five-year plan?

-Harsh labor for prisoners

• many were kulaks

• many were anti-communist academics

-100,000 died building the Belomor Canal

-Used as threat

What was the five-year plan’s effect on training?

-more training than ever

-skilled jobs were paid well and received many benefits

-No unemployment

-More doctors per capita

-free training in colleges and workplace

-compulsory and free education

What were the effects of the five-year plan on Wages and Living conditions?

-Free housing

-Bad housing

-lagging wages

-less consumer goods

What were the five-year plan’s effect on control?

-Workers moved around for better jobs leading to internal passports

What were the five-year plan’s effect on repression?

-repression of Islam since it was seen as detrimental to industrialization

-Banned pilgrimages

-Imprisoned Muslim leaders

What were the Five-year plan’s effect on punishment and blame?

-punishment for failures were hard

-leaders placed blames on workers

-many factories were facing shutdown

What were the five-year plan’s achievements?

-a lot of inefficiency

-many workers killed building things such as the Moscow metro and Dnieprostroi dam

-Became a modern an industrial power

Why did Stalin start collectivization?

Building his reputation

Ending the NEP

• ending the anti-Stalin kulaks

• he was famously anti-NEP

Food Exportation

• money

• improve industries

Feeding Workers

• expensive food imports

• sufficiency

• make use of USSR resources

What were the benefits of collectivization

• efficient use of machinery

• mechanized farming

• easier to collect grain

• better than selling for profit

What were the other effects of the collectivization program?

Resistance

Dekulakization

Holodomor Famine

Impact

Explain the collectivization impact on Resistance

-Kulaks didn’t want interference

-secret police fought them

-propaganda campaigns

-some resisted by killing livestock and burning farms

What was Dekulakization?

-blamed kulaks and wanted to eliminate them

-1.5 million peasants in gulags

-some became workers

-many non-kulaks labelled kulaks

What was the Holodomor Famine?

1932-33

Soviet famine mostly effecting Ukraine

millions starved

many dead

What was the overall impact of the collectivization program?

-1934 no kulaks

-1941 aim achieved

-resistance died down by 1940

How did Stalin maintain control?

terror

purges

constitution

propaganda

How did Stalin use terror?

-He used it as a tool similar to the Tsar

How did Stalin use purges?

-Sergei Kirov killed for almost replacing Stalin

-Show trials where old Bolsheviks “confessed”

-Zinoviev and Kamenev 1936

-Bukharin 1938

-Trotsky 1940 Mexico

-Killed all OG Bolsheviks

-500,000 members in gulags or killed

-18 million in gulags

-NKVD and army officers arrested

-Killed generals

How did Stalin use the constitution?

-Nominal free elections

How did Stalin use propaganda?

-News papers, radios, and posters

-Cult of personality'

• portraits everywhere

• portrayed as a godlike figure

• processions praised him towns

-Framed him and Lenin as the only true heroes of the revolution

What aspects of Soviet culture and society did Stalin affect?

Reigion

Music and the Arts

Education

Women

Equality

Nationalities

How did Stalin affect religion?

-Churches closed, priest deported, services closed

-1/40 held regular service

-Islam banned

-1300/26000 left mosques

How still Stalin affect the arts?

-often heavily influenced by propaganda

-artists lived in fear and were monitored

How did Stalin affect education?

-heavily disciplined

-strict teachers

-focused on STEM

-taught Stalin’s historical

-Pioneers club for children under 15 to instill communism

How did Stalin affect Women?

-equal vocational and educational opportunities

-Massive reform

• divorce

• -childcare

-No promised creches

The GREAT RETREAT

• reimpose traditional values

• abortion illegal

• child support

• 200 rubles for children under 5

• NKVD dealt harshly with youth crime

• most people supported them

How did Stalin affect equality?

-Better healthcare, education. libraries, literacy, and sports improved

-New hierarchy

• Managerial class

• Skilled workers

• Nomenclatura-loyal stalinist

-less buying power, housing was worse

20 percent of fish and meat

How did Stalin affect Nationalities?

-discriminated

many groups deported and moved

-had to carry passports

-Jews persecuted

-deported 148,000 Koreans

Arguments in favor of Stalin control being complete?

-removed old Bolsheviks

-removed all high-ranking threats

-educators and artists wouldn’t criticize him

-terrified populace

-imprisoned any unruly and opposition forces

-NKVD

-Cult of personality

Against Stalin’s complete control?

-Corruption

-many communist officials were selfish

-cheated and manipulated systems to avoid blame

-many people switched jobs

-youth rebelled

-criminals flourished

-peasants rebelled

• refusing to work

• made jobs difficult