Pharmacology Review Flashcards

Flashcards for exam review.

Characteristics of generic medications

Official name given by manufacturer, ONE generic name, cheaper than the trade names.

Absorption

Movement from administration site to circulatory system

Distribution

Movement from circulatory system to intended site

Metabolism

Change more or less potent, soluble, or inactivate

Excretion

Elimination

First-pass effect

Oral drugs go through the GI tract which decreases their bioavailability

Hypersensitivity/allergic response

Immune response; mild reaction - itching, rash, watery eyes

Treatment of anaphylactic reaction

Epi

Priority nursing action after a medication error

Assess the patient - starting with their vital signs

Culture

Identifies the type of bacteria or organism causing infection

Sensitivity

Tells you which antibiotics can kill or stop growth of bacteria

Clients appropriate for prophylactic antibiotic therapy

Exposure, Surgery, Recurrent UTIs, Prosthetic heart valves

Medications contraindicated for a client with a penicillin allergy

Cephalosporins (ceph-, cef-), Carbapenems (imipenem-cilastatin)

Priority manifestations of an anaphylactic reaction when taking a penicillin

Angioedema - swelling of the face, throat; Respiratory distress - shortness of breath or wheezing; Hypotension - dizzy; Tachycardia - fast heart rate

Medications that can cause a disulfiram-like reaction when alcohol is consumed

Metronidazole, sulfonamides, cephalosporins

Medication used to treat MRSA

Vancomycin

Client education appropriate for tetracycline treatment

Complete full course, Wear sunscreen and protective clothing, Use additional contraceptive

Manifestations of aminoglycoside toxicity

Ototoxicity - tinnitus; Nephrotoxicity - Kidney damage; Neurotoxicity - tingling or numbness

Complications associated with fluoroquinolones

Achilles tendon rupture, Superinfection, Photosensitivity

Therapeutic effects of omeprazole

GERD, Ulcers (gastric or duodenal)

Pharmacologic action of sucralfate

Works as a mucosal lining to protect the stomach from ulcers

Antibiotic therapy in treating H. Pylori

Combination therapy. Examples are -prazole and antibiotic together

Therapeutic use of ondansetron

Prevent emesis

Therapeutic uses of metoclopramide

Postop nausea and vomiting (PONV), Chemo induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), Gastroparesis, GERD

Therapeutic use of docusate sodium

Surfactant laxative, Lowers surface tension of the stool, Stool softener, Prevents straining

Therapeutic uses associated with menopausal treatment using combination estrogen/progestin therapy

Hot flashes, Osteoporosis, Cancer

Adverse drug reactions and nursing interventions associated with the use of oxytocin

Complications: BP, duration of contractions, urine output, FHR; Nursing Interventions: STOP immediately for FHR alterations

Administration considerations for use of testosterone transdermal patch

Rotate sites

Client instructions for patients taking oxybutynin

Do not drink grapefruit juice, Anticholinergic effects, Stay out of the sun (heat intolerance), Drowsiness

Therapeutic use associated with the use of aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and tramadol

Aspirin: anti-pain, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation; Ibuprofen: Anti-pain, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory; Acetaminophen: Anti-pain, Antipyretic; Tramadol: Anti-pain

Nursing Interventions (actions to take/ parameters to monitor) associated with the safe use of morphine

Monitor respiratory status - hold if rr is less than 12/min, Assess level of consciousness, Monitor bowel function

Therapeutic use of naloxone

Opioid overdose

Client instructions associated with the use of prednisone

Can cause increased appetite

Administration considerations for insulin lispro

Give within 15 minutes before a meal, SubQ injection, Rotate injection sites, Keep in the refrigerator until used, then stored at room temp.

Administration of regular insulin

30 minutes before a meal, Subcutaneous injection, Dosage adjustments

Expected peak time of NPH

4-12 hrs

Ordering steps of mixing insulin

Inspect, Roll vial (cloudy solutions), Air into NPH, Air into R, Draw R, Draw NPH

Expected pharmacological action of glipizide

Stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas

Adverse drug reactions associated with the use of metformin

Alcohol use, Contrast Media, Lactic acidosis

Conditions that typically require a reduced dose of sitagliptin

Renal impairment

Adverse drug reactions associated with the use of pioglitazone

Fluid Retention, Lipid level elevation, Hepatotoxicity, weight gain

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar (below 70). Treatment: Insulin, glucagon. Symptoms: Palpitations, Tremors, Tachycardia, Disorientation

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar (above 100). Treatment: Insulin, Check blood sugar first !! Symptoms: Increased thirst, Frequent urination, Fatigue, Dry mouth

Hypothyroidism

Low T4 hormone. Treatment: levothyroxine. Symptoms: Bradycardia, Lethargy, Constipation, Excessive fatigue, Excessive sleeping

Hyperthyroidism

High T4 hormone. Treatment: propylthiouracil, methimazole. Symptoms: Irritability, Palpitations, Tachycardia, Diarrhea, Tremors, insomnia

Treatment expectations with the use of levothyroxine

Treat hypothyroidism, Life long therapy

Administration and client instructions associated with the use of hydrocortisone

Take with food to avoid GI upset, Dosage adjustments and and supplementation, Carry extra doses, Lifelong therapy

Client instructions regarding administration and complications associated with the use of alendronate

Sit up for 30 minutes after taking it to avoid esophagitis, Take first thing in the morning

Client instructions associated with the use of calcium carbonate

Increase calcium, vitamin D, weight bearing activities, chew tabs 600mg at a time

Administration and client teaching associated with the use of sublingual nitroglycerine

Don’t chew or swallow, Starting working within 1-3 minutes, Take one, wait 5 minutes, if it continues, call 911 and tell them you are taking another one. Be in medical care by the time you take the third dose.

Instructions for transdermal nitroglycerin use

Apply to clean, dry, hairless skin; Rotate sites

Laboratory values to monitor with the use of atorvastatin

LDL/HDL, ALT/AST

Adverse drug reactions and client instructions associated with the use of rosuvastatin

Grapefruit juice, take at bedtime

Adverse drug reactions, administration considerations and client instructions associated with the use of gemfibrozil

Adverse Reactions: hepatotoxicity, Myopathy, Gallstones; Administration: Take 30 minutes before eating twice a day

Adverse drug reactions and client instructions associated with the use of bumetanide

Hypotension, Hypokalemia - low potassium (muscle cramps, weakness), Ototoxicity, Dehydration, Take in the morning and early afternoon

Client instructions regarding potassium intake with the use of furosemide

Supplement with potassium, Encourage foods like bananas, spinach, beans

Complications associated with the use of metolazone

Hyponatremia - low sodium, Hypokalemia - low potassium, Dehydration

Complications associated with the use of spironolactone

Hyperkalemia, Hyponatremia, Endocrine effects - women have menopause symptoms, men have gynecomastia (enlargement of breasts)

Medications that increase a client's risk for developing digoxin toxicity

Furosemide

When to hold administration of digoxin

Hold if the apical pulse is less than 60 bpm

Adverse effects and client instructions associated with the use of amiodarone

Pulmonary toxicity, Monitor for pulmonary problems - dyspnea, decreased breath sounds, cough; Side effects - bradycardia, AV block, hypotension, visual problems.

Client instructions associated with the use of verapamil

Can cause constipation so increase fluid, fiber, and fitness.

Complications and client instructions associated with the use and need for discontinuation of captopril

Complications: First-dose hypotension, Hyperkalemia, C - cough A - angioedema, R - rash, D - dysgeusia; Instructions: Avoid salt substitutes

Compilations and client instructions associated with the use of losartan

Complications: Hypotension, Angioedema, Fetal injury; Cannot take this if pregnant

Interactions associated with the use of doxazosin

Anti-hypertensives, Sildenafil

When to hold administration of metoprolol

Hold if the apical pulse is below 50 bpm

Contraindications associated with the use of metoprolol

Asthma

Transdermal application considerations associated with the use of clonidine

Change the patch every 7 days

Appropriate vaccination recommendation for a patient during pregnancy

TDAP, Influenza

Advantage of taking fexofenadine over diphenhydramine for seasonal allergies

Sedating effects are less when taking fexofenadine

Safety concerns associated with the use of dextromethorphan

Drug misuse

sedation

Administration considerations associated with the use of ipratropium

1 minute between puffs, 5 minutes between meds

Client instructions and expectations associated with the use of intranasal fluticasone

2-3 weeks for full effect

Therapeutic use associated with the use of various airflow disorder medications

Albuterol - bronchodilator (acute bronchospasms), Tiotropium - bronchodilator (bronchospasms related to COPD, allergen or exercise induced), theophylline - bronchodilator (long-term control of chronic asthma), methylprednisolone - anti-inflammatory (decrease inflammation, promote lung maturation), montelukast - anti-inflammatory (long-term asthma therapy, prevent exercise induced bronchospasm), cromolyn sodium - anti-inflammatory (long-term control of allergy related asthma, prophylaxis)

Therapeutic use of heparin

PREVENTS CLOTS by inhibiting fibrin formation, Treats PE, DVT, MI, DIC

Administration considerations associated with the use of enoxaparin

Subcutaneous injection via prefilled syringes, rotate site, dont expel air bubble

When to administer or hold warfarin based on INR levels

INR normal levels 2-3, Hold if greater than 3

Complications associated with the use of aspirin

GI effects, GI bleeding, Salicylism - tinnitus

Contraindications associated with the use of clopidogrel

Active bleeding

Severe liver impairment

Bleeding disorders

Upcoming surgery within 7 days

PUD

Complications associated with the use of alprazolam

CNS depression, Anterograde amnesia, Acute toxicity, Anxiety, Physical tolerance / dependence, Sleep related complex behaviors

Client instructions and complications associated with the use of temazepam

Oral or injectable, Consider indication for timing, Anxiety: typically PRN, Insomnia: give 30 minutes before bed

Interactions associated with the use of lorazepam

CNS depressants > no alcohol

Complications associated with the use of zolpidem

Sleep related complex behaviors

Administration considerations associated with the use of carbamazepine

Administer lowest effective dose, Taper if discontinuing, Take with meals, Still administer if the patient is NPO with a sip of water !!

Client instructions relative to complications associated with the use of phenytoin

Maintain good oral hygiene

Complications associated with the use of buspirone

Paradoxical effects - anxiety, dizziness, Lightheadedness

Interactions associated with the use of venlafaxine

Do not use with MAOIs (phenelzine)

Client instructions associated with the use of amitriptyline

Administer at bedtime, Takes several weeks for effectiveness, Taper down if discontinuing, Do not use with MAOIs