foal gait abnormalities

What is congenital hyperextension in foals characterized by?

Elevated toe and sunken fetlock.

What is the first line treatment for congenital hyperextension if it does not self-resolve?

Glue on heel extension shoes.

What are the consequences of congenital hyperextension in foals?

Dystocia in the dam and prevention of the foal standing.

What treatment options are available for congenital hyperflexion?

Large dose of oxytetracycline, toe extensions, heel reduction with NSAIDs, or splits/casts.

What causes acquired hyperflexion in foals?

Pain from rapid bone growth, injury such as fracture, abscess, or osteochondritis.

How can acquired hyperflexion be managed?

Toe extension, heel reduction with NSAIDs, reducing nutrition to lower growth rate, or surgical management.

Which bones are commonly affected by incomplete ossification in foals?

Carpus (radial, intermediate, ulnar, 2nd, 3rd, 4th) and tarsus (central, 2nd, 3rd, 4th).

What are common causes of incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones in foals?

Premature/dysmature foals, placentitis, colic, and abnormal positioning during gestation.

What are the clinical signs of incomplete ossification?

Clinical signs observed alongside radiography showing round edges.

What is the management protocol for incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones?

Should ossify within weeks, restrict exercise to prevent damage, repeat radiographs.

What is the difference between valgus and varus limb deformities?

Valgus deviates out, while varus deviates in.

What is a congenital cause of angular limb deformities?

Incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones or uterine malpositioning.

What is the management for congenital angular limb deformities?

Box rest, and controlled exercise if due to periarticular laxity.

What surgical treatment can be used for severe angular limb deformities?

Screw/wire to inhibit growth on the long side of the limb.

What does SAPO stand for?

Septic arthritis, physitis, and osteomyelitis.