Biol251 Unit 2

Which type of RNA has an anticodon and amino acid?

tRNA (transfer RNA)

This kind of RNA is made directly from the code in DNA.

mRNA (messenger RNA)

This enzyme creates a short strand of RNA that is used during RNA replication.

RNA primase

This enzyme creates mRNA.

RNA polymerase

These nucleotides are used in RNA.

A, G, C, U

Another term for the processes of transcription and translation:

Gene expression

During _______ mRNA is made.

transcription

Which molecule is used to copy the code in DNA and make mRNA?

RNA polymerase

T or F: Prokaryotes have introns and exons.

False.

Eukaryotes have introns and exons.

T or F: Transcription and translation are used to make copies of chromosomes of bacteria.

False.

Transcription and translation are used to make proteins. DNA replication is used to make copies of the DNA before binary fission occurs.

What is the term we use for a change in genotype that might alter phenotype?

Mutation

This type of recombination happens by way of a pilus.

Conjugation

These are short segments of DNA that move around the genome.

Transposons

During this process a bacterium picks up DNA segments from its environment.

Transformation

This is the name for an organism that has had its DNA intentionally altered.

Recombinant organism (or genetically modified organism)

This is the name of the process prokaryotes use to reproduce.

Binary fission

When DNA is not being replicated it exists in this state.

Supercoiled

These enzymes are used in step II of DNA replication.

Primase (to make a short strand of DNA).

DNA Polymerase III (to actually copy the DNA and make new strands).

Which three enzymes play a role in the final step of DNA replication?

DNA Polymerase I

DNA Ligase

Topoisomerase IV

T or F: The terms DNA replication and gene expression mean the same thing.

False.

DNA replication is done before binary fission so that a complete copy of the genome is passed off to each close.

Gene expression is the process of creating proteins by using the code in DNA.

These structures are used to regulate gene expression in prokaryotes.

Operons

These genes are "off" until something in the environment switches them on.

Inducible genes

What does a repressor bind to?

The operator

Where RNA polymerase binds:

The promoter

This is the term used to describe the genes in an operon that code for proteins:

Structural genes

Proteins have up to ______ levels of organization:

Four

What is the name we use to describe the group on an amino acid that varies and ultimately gives the protein its shape/function?

R-group

This level of organization is a result of R-group interactions and causes the protein to either fold up like a piece of paper or create a helix.

Secondary

Many proteins are functional/complete at this level of organization.

Tertiary

What ultimately determines the structure and function of a protein?

The order of nucleotides in DNA.

A type of genetic recombination in which an organism takes in DNA sequences from their environment:

Transformation

The type of RNA with an amino acid attached:

Transfer

The name for a gene that can move around chromosomes and plasmids:

Transposon

The cytoskeletal protein that helps separate bacterial clones from each other after binary fission:

Ftsz

The process used to make mRNA from the code in DNA:

Transcription

The location where DNA replication begins:

Origin

The type of genetic recombination in which a pilus is used:

Conjugation

A type of mutation in which codon sequences are rearranged:

Frameshift

A molecule that helps seal gaps in DNA:

Ligase

The term used to describe the genetic make-up of an organism:

Genotype

The type of organism with introns and exons in their DNA:

Eukaryotes

The process in which mRNA is used in a ribosome to create a protein:

Translation

A type of mutation in which one single nucleotide is changed in the DNA sequence:

Point

T or F: The genome of prokaryotes may change throughout their lifetime.

True

A molecule that helps DNA supercoiling relax:

Gyrase

All of the DNA found in an organism:

Genome

The process by which a gene moves from one place to another on a chromosome or plasmid.

Transposition

The process by which a pilus is used to transfer DNA from one bacterium to another.

Conjugation

The process by which a bacterium picks up free DNA from the environment.

Transformation

The process by which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another.

Transduction

This term is used to describe how an organism looks and/or the actual proteins that get made.

Phenotype

Process used to take the code in DNA and make mRNA:

Transcription

Organization structure: The order of amino acids in a protein.

Primary structure

Organization structure: Formed by interactions of R-groups.

Secondary structure

Organization structure: Formed by interactions of B-pleated sheets and A-helices.

Tertiary structure

Organization structure: Formed when two or more complete proteins join together.

Quaternary structure

A structure formed in prokaryotes that determines when genes can be expressed:

Operon

This type of gene is normally switched "off" until something in the environment switches it on:

Inducible

A set of nucleotides that code for a protein:

Gene

A series of genes arranged on a single structure:

Chromosome

A single unit of genetic info:

Nucleotide

All the genetic material in an organism:

Genome

Which specific type of mutation is shown here?

DNA level: TTC TTT

mRNA level: AAG AAA

Protein level: Lys Lys

Silent

T or F: Prokaryotes reproduce through mitosis.

False.

They reproduce through binary fission.

Which enzyme separates DNA backbones?

Helicase

Which enzyme creates a short strand of RNA?

Primase

Which enzyme seals gaps in DNA?

Ligase

Which enzyme copies code in DNA?

DNA polymerase III

Where does DNA replication start?

Origin of replication

Which type of RNA has an anticodon on it?

tRNA

This enzyme checks for mistakes in DNA replication.

DNA Polymerase I

This enzyme copies for new strands.

DNA Polymerase III

This enzyme separates the DNA backbone.

Helicase

This enzyme fills in the gaps and spaces.

DNA Ligase

A _____ is typically inorganic that helps increase rate of reaction, while _____ is organic that alters the shape of an enzyme for the substrate to fit better.

Cofactor; Coenzyme

Chemicals from the environment taken in and used for metabolism and growth.

Nutrients

The number of organisms required to cause disease:

Infectious dose

This is all/several genes on one structure:

Chromosome

A mutation that creates a STOP codon in the middle of the sequence is called what?

Nonsense

These enzymes are often secreted outside the cell that break down large substances.

Exoenzymes

These organisms require oxygen to make ATP:

Obligate aerobes

These organisms like to live in high temperatures:

Thermophiles

These types of genes are turned "off" until environmental conditions turn them "on":

Inducible genes

This type of genetic recombination is spread through a bacteriophage:

Transduction

In a redox reaction the _________ is the molecule that donates the electron and the _______ is the molecule that receives the electron.

Electron donor; electron acceptor

These organisms obtain carbon/energy from dead organisms, waste products, non-living material:

Saprobes

These organisms are referred to as "salt lovers". They need high salinity conditions to survive:

Halophiles

This protein level involves a chain of amino acids joined together through peptide bonds:

Primary

This protein level happens because the R groups of the primary structure either coil up into an alpha helix or fold into a beta pleated sheet:

Secondary

This protein level occurs because of the interactions of the alpha helices and the beta pleated sheets:

Tertiary

This protein level occurs when one protein is jointed with another completed protein to become functional:

Quaternary

Put into correct order:

A. Origin of replication is located.

B. New chromosomes is finalized & chromosomes separate from each other.

C. Chromosome is copied.

D. Clones separate from each other.

E. FtsZ ring pinches cell apart.

A, C, B, E, D

The ATP Pathway involves:

Photosynthesis

Put in correct order:

A. Light hitting pigment, releasing an electron causing water to split (produces O2 and H+).

B. Some H+ joins with NADH+ and some H+ is used to power ATP synthase and make ATP.

C. Electron is moved through carriers, H+ accumulates.

A, C, B

What is the difference between a symbiotic and nonsymbiotic relationship?

Symbiotic relationship: At least one organism needs the other to survive.

Nonsymbiotic relationship: Neither organisms needs the other to survive.

This organism gets its energy from light and its carbon from inorganic carbon:

Photoautotrophs

This organism gets its energy from chemicals and its carbon from organic carbon:

Chemoheterotrophs

This organism gets its energy from light and its carbon from organic carbon:

Photoheterotrophs

An organism that grows in very cold temperatures:

Psychrophile

An organism that could grow at a pH of 3:

Acidophile