Fall Final Review 2024.pptx

Polarity

The distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond; creates a partially positive and partially negative side of a molecule.

Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water, allowing them to mix or dissolve in water.

Hydrophobic

Substances that do not interact well with water, often insoluble or poorly soluble.

Carbohydrates

Biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO), utilized for energy storage and structure.

Nucleic Acids

Molecules made up of nucleotides, including DNA and RNA, important for storage and transmission of genetic information.

Proteins

Large biomolecules made of amino acids; essential for numerous biological functions including enzymes, structure, and transport.

Activation Energy

The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Endomembrane System

A series of membranes within a cell that are involved in the synthesis, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Hypothesis that chloroplasts and mitochondria originated as independent prokaryotic organisms before becoming integrated into eukaryotic cells.

G-proteins

Molecular switches that relay signals from outside the cell to the inside, typically using a second messenger system.

ATP Synthase

An enzyme that creates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.

Wild Type

The typical phenotype or genotype found within a natural population.

Pedigree Analysis

A diagram representing the familial relationships and genetic traits across generations.

Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that are haploid and combine during fertilization to form a diploid organism.

Punnett Square

A grid used to predict genetic crosses and the probability of offspring genotypes.