Medications Term 2

Which medication has the generic name Lopressor and is Beta 1 blocker? It also treats hypertension to help prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems.

Metoprolol

What is Atenolol used for? and what is its generic name? Also, what drug class is it in?

beta 1 blocker

Hypertension treatment and prevent chest pain.

Tenormin

Propranolol (Inderal)

Beta 2 blocker or nonselective beta blocker (heart and lungs)

Tremors, angina , hypertension.

Prevents heart attacks

What is the nonselective beta blocker Propranolol contraindicated with?

Asthma and COPD

Bradycardia (<60 bpm)

Hypotension

Which Calcium Channel blocker treats hypertension/angina but also used for Raynaud’s and Burger’s disease?

Nifedipine (Procardia)

Which drug would be used to treat acute atrial flutter and fibrillation which PROTECTS the heart?

Diltiazem (Cardizem) A calcium channel blocker

Which drug is a Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE inhibitor) and treats hypertension, heart failure, and supportive treatment for patients who suffered a myocardial infection?

Lisinopril (Prinivil)

What is a very common and annoying side effect of Linsinopril (Prinivil)?

Dry cough caused by bradykinin accumulation.

Describe Losartan (Cozaar)

Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB)

Treats: Hypertension

Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA)

Anti-platelet inhibitor used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke.

Clopidogrel (Plavix)

Anti-platelet inhibitor which is used to prevent heart attacks and strokes in a person with heart disease

Which drug is an anticoagulant which is a thrombin inhibitor which prevents blood clots caused by certain medical conditions or medical procedures. It can also be used before surgery to reduce risk of blood clots.

Heparin

How long is the Prothrombin time?

11-12.5 seconds

What is the PTT time?

Partial thrombinplastin time which is usually 25-45 seconds but with heparin 60-80 seconds.

Enoxaparin

Low molecular weight Anticoagulant

prevent a type of blood clot called deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which can lead to blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolism)

Warfarin (Coumadin)

An oral anticoagulant which prevents bloodclots in the veins or arteries which can reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack, or other serious conditions

Also a treatment or valvular atrial flutter/atrial fibrillation with digoxin

When taking warfarin (Coumadin) what is the INR? What is the INR in a health individual?

Warfarin: 2.0 to 3.0

healthy:0.8-1.1

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Lowers the cholesterol made by the liver it lowers LDL and it raises LDL

What is the most common side effects of statins?

Gastrointestinal issues

Ezetimibe (Zetia)

A cholesterol reducing medication that works by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol by the small intestines

Niacin (Niaspan)

A medication that reduces elevated TC, LDL-C, Apo B, and TG levels and increases HDL cholesterol. Used primarily in patients with hyperlipedemia.

what are Dabigatran (Pradaxa), Rivaroxaban (Xarelto), Apixaban (Eliquis) used to treat?

Direct oral anticoagulants/direct thrombin inhibitor used to treat non-valvular atrial fib

PO dosing x 2 daily because of short half life

What does Cobalamin cyanocobalamin (B12) treat?

Vitamin water soluble functions as nucleic acid to help RBCs, aids in the functioning of nervous system and assist with making DNA in our cells. the gastric parietal cells produce an intrinsic factor necessary for absorbing ___ through the intestinal wall

What does b-12 treat and how is it absorbed?

Prevents or treats iron deficiency anemia and the intrinsic factor is needed for absorption

Why would a provider prescribe Ferrous Sulphate (Iron)

To treat patients who may have poor nutrition and malabsorption. It is needed for erythropoiesis to increase RBC, WBC, and platelet formation.

What condition is usually treated using Folate (Folic acid)?

Alcoholism

Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)

Procrit, erythropoietin EPO

anemia to increase the Hgb concentration to the lowest level sufficient to avoid the need for RBC transfusions.

Given subcutaneously and IV

What patients are usually prescribed Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)?

Renal patients and patients with cancer

What is digoxin used to treat

Valvular Atrial Flutter/Atrial Fib

Parenteral or PO dosing

When administering Digoxin, how much is given IV and how much is given subcutaneously?

IV: 2.4 to 3.6 mcg/kg once daily

PO: 3.4 to 5.1 mcg/kg once daily

What are the early signs of digoxin toxicity?

Visual changes- halos around lights-early signs

Lack of appetite, N&V,

Headache, confusion, anxiety

If a patient is having stable or unstable angina (chest pain) what may a provider prescribe?

Nitroglycerin (SL,PO,IV, TD patch or cream)

What is unique about nitroglycerin?

it is very versatile and can be given many routes: Translingual-spray

transdermal patches

ointment-Intravenous

Albuterol Sulfate (Salbutamol, Ventolin)

Beta-adrenergic agonist

used to treat or prevent bronchospasm in patients with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases. It is also used to avoid bronchospasm caused by exercise.

What are side effects you may expect from Albuterol Sulfate?

Nervousness. Patients may have tremors in their hands

Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent)

COPD, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

Fluticasone/Salmeterol (Advair)

Steroid long acting beta agonist

treatment for COPD and prevention of asthma

What should you include in patient teaching about Advair/fluticasone/ Salmeterol?

Rinse mouth out after use to prevent candida

What medication is used to treat prophylaxis of infection with influenza viruses A (including pandemic H1N1) and B?

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

What medication is used for treating and preventing influenza and it may also shorten the time that you have the flu?

Zanamivir (Relenza)

Which medication. should you take within 48 hours of onset of symptoms

Oseltamivir (tamiflu)

Theophylline (Elixophylline, Theo-24)

Treats: Asthma or COPD the therapeutic level is 5-15

What are the toxic level of Theophylline?

greater than 20 mcg/mL (hyperglycemia decreased clotting time, increased WBC)

What is the downside of Theo-24

extremely narrow therapeutic window and caffeine may cause toxic effects.

What is Mucinex (guaifenesin) used to treat?

Treats: COPD by increasing the water content off the mucus, thinning it out so it can be coughed up.

What should you teach patient about taking Mucinex or guaifenesin?

Increase fluid intake to further thin secretions recommended to have at least 8 glasses of water per day.

Which medication would a provided prescribe to a patient with asthma and the symptoms of allergic rhinitis (sneezing, stuffy nose, runny nose, intiching of the nose?

Montelukast (Singular)

Describe Prednisone (Deltasone) and how it should be administered.

Treats inflammation of the joints and organs. this includes redness, swelling, and pain.

It should be taking as a loading dose and then daily decreasing.

It is not given as inhaled for acute symptoms because it may take 1-4 week for inhaled steroid to reach its full effect.

What side effect should use be cognizant of with predisnisone?

Increases blood sugar and may cause crushing syndrome or weight gain. Long-term use may lead to osteoporosis and increased risk of infections.

Budesonide Beclomethasone

dosing; 2x daily is an inhaled corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation in the lungs. It helps manage asthma and COPD

What are the side effects of Budesonide Beclomethasone?

increased blood sugar

What are potassium wasting medications

Furosemide and hydrochlorathiazide (only given if potassium’s normal)

What are potassium sparing medications?

Spironolactone

Spare potassium

What are the side effect of ACE inhibitors?

A(Angioedema)

C(Cough)

E (electrolyte imbalance)

what are the anti-platelet drugs?

ASA and Clopidogrel

What are the cholesterol lowering drugs?

End in “Statin”

Furosemide

Loop Diuretic

Potassium wasting Diuretic

Produces diuresis and low BP

Tx- severe edema

Left-sided heart failure

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (Apo-Hydro)

Thiazide Diuretic

K+ and Na+ sodium wasting

Produces diuresis and lowers BP

Tx- Hypertension and Edema

Off-label use: Diabetes Insipidus and Calcium containing Calculi

Spironolactone

Potassium Diuretic

Block aldosterone, promotes Na+ and H2o excretion and spares K+

Tx-Hypertension, Diagnostic aid for Aldosteronism, Hypokalemia

Potassium (KCL) PO

Tx: Electrolyte replacement for multiple metabolic processes

Potassium IV

Tx: Electrolyte replacement for multiple metabolic processes

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate) Powder for Suspension

(KAYEXALATE)

Tx- Hyperkalemia, Potassium binder, Give PO or PR

Binds to K+ to be excreted through feces

 Not used for life-threatening hyperkalemia

Patiromer (Veltassa)

Powder for Suspension: mix with water

Do not use for severe Hyperkalemia.

Potassium Binder: exchanges calcium for potassium

 

Tx- Hyperkalemia Give PO Binds to K+ in the colon

Onset approx. 7 hours

Not used for life-threatening hyperkalemia

Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (Lokelma)

Oral suspension

 

Do not use for severe Hyperkalemia.

Potassium Binder: exchanges hydrogen and sodium for potassium

 

Tx- Hyperkalemia, Give PO, Binds to K+ in the colon, Onset approx. 1hour

Not used for life-threatening hyperkalemia

Calcium Gluconate

Intravenous medication

Tx: conditions arising from calcium deficiencies such as hypocalcemic tetany, hypocalcemia related to hypoparathyroidism, and hypocalcemia due to rapid growth or pregnancy. Also, to Tx hyperkalemia cardiotoxicity-ECG monitoring

Antidote for Hypermagnesemia

Insulin (Humulin R, Novocain R)

the only type of insulin that should be given intravenously is regular human insulin

tx: Acute hyperglycemia DKA, Severe hyperkalemia insulin in DSW

what is the treatment for digoxin toxicity?

Immuno fab (digibon)

what medications can be used to treat atrial fibrillation?

beta blocker(Metoperol), calcium channel blocker (diltazem) , digoxin, and possibly magnesium

What medications can you use to treat atrial flutter?

Similar to atrial fibrillation, treatments include beta blockers (Metoprolol), calcium channel blockers (Diltiazem), digoxin, and antiarrhythmic agents like sotalol or amiodarone.

What should patients on loop diuretics avoid?

lithium and sulfa drugs

what teaching should you provide to patients on loop diuretics?

increase potassium rich foods, rise up slowly, check blood pressure.

what should patients taking potassium sparing medications avoid?

NSAIDs,ACE inhibitors, heparin, and salt substitutes

what should you teach a patient taking sparalactone?

Avoid potassium-rich foods, monitor for hyperkalemia, and rise slowly to prevent falls, and take with foods.

What should you be aware of for a patient taking hydrothiazide diuretics?

Potassium and sodium wasting by keeping calcium

Ineffective in pt with CKD

Watch for hyponatremia and hypokalemia

Avoid lithium, sulfa, lithium