ppy4extra

fibrinogen, VWF, prothrombin

what's in blood

wound sequence

1. VWF binds to collagen
2. platelets bind to collagen via VWF
3. binding to collagen activates platelets
4. thrombus is formed
absensce of thrombin

intrinsic

neg charged surface, clotting factors, calcium

extrinsic

neg charges surface, clotting factors, calcium, tissue factor

TX2

platelet aggregation, contraction of SM at wound site

serotonin

vascular constriction at wound site

blood flow circulation

Left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venueles, veins, right atrium

filling ventricles

AV - open
SL - closed
PA>PV

isovolumetric contraction

AV - closed
SL - closed
PA < PV < Paorta

ejection

ventricles open
PA

preload

directly related to ventricular filling

afterload

pressure the heart must work against to eject blood during systole

TPR

related to BP

preload decreases

Ventricles fill less so less stretch, less stretch = less overlap of myosin heads with actin sites for myosin binding so less force of contraction (decrease SV and CO)

heart muscle AP

1. Na channels open
2. Na channels inactivate, K opens
3. L-type Ca channel opens
4. L-type closes
5. K closes

CO

SV x HR

BP

CO x TPR

MAP

(SP + 2DP) / 3

BP increases during exercise

systolic pressure increase
diastolic staying constant

BP drop when standing up

pooling blood in lower extremities
decrease CO
blood accumulates in the legs and venous return decrease, drops EDV (preload) and SV decreases, results in decrease in CO which drops BP

drop in BP

drop in SV by drop in venous return, EDV
drop in HR cause drop in CO (para)
drop in TRP

sympathetic activates

Gs phosophorlate Na channel and they open faster

parasympathetic activates

Gi inhibits adreylate cyclase and cAMP production and beta gamma binds to K channels, slow the closing of these channels

edema

low albumin (decrease in plasma protein which decreases osmotic pressure)
leakage of protein into interstitial fluid

conducting zone

regulate air flow to alveoli smooth muscle

conducting zone cleans with

ciliated cells and mucous cells

partial pressure

% of gas x total pressure

take a breath

-intrapleural space expands
-pressure drops
-lung expands
-lung volume increases so alveolar pressure drops relative to Atm pressure
-air moves into the lungs

surfactant

does not increase elasticy
increases compliance

muscles involved in quiet breathing

diaphrgram and external intercostal muscles contract

inspiratory reserve volume

deep breath, the volume taken in

expiratory reserve volume

blowing air out forcefully

vital capacity

TV + IRV + ERV

inspiratory capacity

TV + IRV

passive diffusion

O2 and CO2 can move across membrane by

CO2 normal condition

high in capillaries and flow from cap to aveoli

chloride shift

1. CO2 released to aveoli and exhaled
2. CO2 converted to HCO3 at tissues to be carried by blood
3. shift allows for conversion of CO2 to HCO3 at tissue
4. shift of HCO3 to CO2 in lungs

in lungs

shift of HCO3 to CO2 takes place in

in tissue

shift of CO2 to HCO3 takes place in

decrease affinity

decrease CO2

decrease affinity

decrease pH

hemoglobin

wants less affinity

these decrease affinity

increase temp, acid, CO2, DPG

go up in altitude

-immediatly O2 drops
-hyperventilate and lower CO2 so affinity for O2 increases
-after a few days DPG levels increase and O2 affinity decreases

H2O + CO2 (CA) = H2CO3 = H + HCO3

equation for alkalosis

Aeolus poorly ventilated

O2 down, CO2 high then constrict this capillary blood vessel to limit blood flow to this alveolus

no blood flow

O2 levels in that alveoli high CO2 low, we constrict the smooth muscle of the alveolus that is not perfused and relax the other

if lungs are not functioning

hyperventilate, CO2 builds up and move to the right of eq to get more H+ acidosis

metabolic acidosis

lungs are fine you are acidic, lungs want to hyperventilate to lower H+ so PCO2 levels are low

pheriphreal chemoreceptors

carotid bodies measure pH and O2
aortic bodies measure only pH can measure metablic acids

central chemoreceptors

measure pH indirectly
only CO2 crosses BBB and then you measure change in pH

alveolar ventilation

(TV - dead space) x Respiratory Rate