Psychology Unit 2 Vocab

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 21 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/38

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

39 Terms

1
New cards

operational definition

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

2
New cards

replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings can be reproduced

3
New cards

correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

4
New cards

scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of two variables. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates higher correlation)

5
New cards

illusory correlation

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stranger-than-actual relationship

6
New cards

regression towards the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average

7
New cards

experiment

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). by random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

8
New cards

experimental group

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

9
New cards

control group

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

10
New cards

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by change, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

11
New cards

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (also known as the I-knew-all-along phenomenon)

12
New cards

hypothesis

a testable prediction often implied by a theory

13
New cards

case study

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

14
New cards

naturalistic observation

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

15
New cards

survey

a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

16
New cards

sampling bias

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

17
New cards

population

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population)

18
New cards

random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

19
New cards

correlation

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either facto predicts the other

20
New cards

variable

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

21
New cards

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. commonly used in drug-evaluation studies

22
New cards

placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inherit substance or condition, which the recipient assumes in an active agent

23
New cards

independent variable

in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

24
New cards

confounding variable

a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results

25
New cards

dependent variable

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

26
New cards

validity

the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

27
New cards

informed consent

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

28
New cards

debriefing

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

29
New cards

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

30
New cards

histogram

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

31
New cards

mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

32
New cards

mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and the dividing by then number of scores

33
New cards

median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

34
New cards

skewed distribution

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

35
New cards

range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

36
New cards

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

37
New cards

normal curve (normal distribution)

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

38
New cards

inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

39
New cards

statistical significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by change