micro hw questions

Pasteur’s Experiments with Swan Neck Flasks disproved which of the following theories on the origin of microorganisms:

Spontaneous Generation

Clay Theory

Creationism

Evolution

Spontaneous generation

Compared to Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea have ________ surface-area-to-volume ratios, causing ________ nutrient exchange and growth rates.

higher, slower

higher, faster

lower, slower

lower, faster

higher, faster

You have discovered a new ovoid (oval-shaped) microorganism that is 1um in diameter.  The organism's genome is a single circular chromosome. The new microorganism is:

a virus

a fungus

a bacteria

a plant

A bacteria

The germ theory of disease refers to:

The theory that some human disease is transferred from person to person via microorganisms.

The theory that some human diseases are caused by microorganisms that have gained access to the human body.

The theory that all human disease is the result of microorganisms already living inside or on a human body.

The theory that all human diseases are caused by microorganisms that have gained access to the human body.

The theory that some human diseases are caused by microorganisms that have gained access to the human body.

When examining the evolution of life on Earth, scientist find the eukaryotes are more similar to the kingdom _____________  at the genetic level. 

Fungi

Bacteria

Archaea

Algae

Archaea

Dr. Strummer is examining a new microorganism isolated from the permafrost  of Siberia.  Transmission electron micrographs show a unicellular organism 100um in diameter.  The organism appears to have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and a cell wall.  What would you predict is the main chemical component of this organism's cell wall?

Protein

Lipopolysaccharide and Lipotechoic acid

Cellulose or Chitin

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

Cellulose or Chitin

Which of the following is the correct way of writing the genus and species name of a bacteria:

Escherichia Coli

escherichia coli

Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli

Uncle Billy Bob is nervous.  Three of his prize winning roosters, Huey, Dewey, and Louie, at Billy Bob’s Ranch for Interesting Chickens have developed sores on their beaks consistent with a condition called beak rot.  Dr. Strummer visits the ranch, takes samples from the sores of the three diseased chickens, and brings the samples back to his research lab.  He isolates bacteria from the each sample (Huey, Dewey, and Louie) and grows them in three SEPARATE culture tubes.  He then injects aliquots (small portions) of each diluted culture into the backs of 5 healthy laboratory chickens that are sterile and lack any disease immunity.  After 3 days the laboratory chickens injected with bacteria cultured from the samples of Huey and Dewey have sores on their beaks similar to those observed in Huey and Dewey.  Chickens injected with bacteria cultured from the samples of Louie are perfectly healthy. Is the cause of Huey’s beak rot an infectious disease?

Yes, because bacteria were isolated from the sore sample of all three chickens, consistent with Koch’s 2nd postulate.

No, because bacteria don’t cause beak rot, it is a fungal infection

Yes, because bacteria isolated from Huey’s sore sample were able to cause sores in laboratory chickens consistent with Koch’s 3rd postulate.

No, because bacteria isolated from the Louie’s sore sample were unable to cause sores in laboratory chickens, inconsistent Koch’s 3rd postulate.

Yes, because bacteria isolated from Huey’s sore sample were able to cause sores in laboratory chickens consistent with Koch’s 3rd postulate.

_____________ refers to the evolutionary relationships between organisms deduced through the comparison of their genetic material.

Relatedness

Phylogeny

Ecology

Geneology

Phylogeny

Which of the following activities is NOT an activity observed in living cells? 

All cells metabolize.

All cells communicate with other cells.

All cells evolve.

All cells grow.

All cells communicate with other cells.

True or False:  All cellular microorganisms are prokaryotic cells.

 

True

False

 False

A ________ is smaller than a _______ which, in turn, is smaller than a ________.

 

bacteria, virus, human cell

human cell, bacteria, virus

virus, bacteria, human cell

bacteria, human cell, virus

virus, bacteria, human cell

____________  is defined as the smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and still be distinguished.

 

Contrast

Magnification

Refraction Index

Resolution

Resolution

Rod shaped bacteria arranged in chains are referred to as:

 

Staphylococci

 Streptococci

Streptobacilli

 Staphylobacilli

Streptobacilli

True or False:  Cell morphology can be used to predict the physiology, ecology, and phylogeny of a prokaryotic cell.

False

Which of the following statement is NOT true about the use of staining in microscopy?

Staining is used to to increase the resolving power of a microscope.

Staining is used to increase contrast.

Staining can be used to colorize a cell OR colorize the background surrounding a cell.

 Staining almost always kills the cells being stained.

Staining is used to to increase the resolving power of a microscope.

True or False: Prokaryotes contain membrane bound organelles like a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, or mitochondria. 

False

Which type of microscopy is best used to view living cells?

 

Transmission electron microscopy.

 Light microscopy of a simple stained specimen.

Light microscopy of an unstained specimen.

 Scanning electron microscopy.

Light microscopy of an unstained specimen.

Which of the following types of cellular organisms is classified as a prokaryote?

 

Fungi

Virus

Protists

Bacteria

Bacteria

True or False:  Cell morphology can be used to predict the physiology, ecology, and phylogeny of a prokaryotic cell.

False

The Cell Wall of bacteria is made up of:

Chains of N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylmuramic acid linked by peptide crosslinks.

 Chains of N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylmuramic acid.

 Chains of N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylmuramic acid linked by lipid crosslinks.

 Chains of N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylmuramic acid linked by carbohydrate crosslinks.

Chains of N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylmuramic acid linked by peptide crosslinks.

Which of the following is TRUE about gram-positive bacteria?

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that includes Lipotechoic acids (LTA).

 Gram-positive bacteria have an inner membrane and an outer membrane.

 Gram-positive bacteria stain pink when Gram stained.

 The inner membrane of gram-positive bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that includes Lipotechoic acids (LTA).

The NCX protein is integral membrane used by many eukaryotic cells to remove cytoplasmic calcium.  It uses the power of an electrochemical gradient of sodium ions to move of one calcium ion out of the cytoplasm and three sodium ions into the cytoplasm.  NCX is an example of a:

 Antiporter

 Uniporter

 Symporter

 Cotransporter

Antiporter

Which of the following components is NOT found in bacterial cell membranes?

cholesterol

 lipids

proteins

 hopanoids

Cholesterol

Bacterial membrane proteins function as:

 carrier proteins

 receptor proteins

 channel proteins

all of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct.

Lipopolysaccharide is found in the:

 

outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

 inner membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

 outer membrane of the gram-positive bacteria.

 inner membrane of gram-positive bacteria.

outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane?

 

The cell membrane contracts to allow cell movement.

 The cell membrane acts as a permeability barrier.

 The cell membrane acts as anchor for proteins involved in cellular processes.

 The cell membrane allows for the production of a proton (H+) gradient.

The cell membrane contracts to allow cell movement.

Lactose permease is a membrane protein which uses a proton (H⁺) gradient to import both a lactose molecule and a proton (H⁺) into the cell.  Lactose permease is an example of:

 

a Simple Transport Protein

 a Group Translocation Protein

 an ABC Transport Protein

 an Antiport protein

a Simple Transport Protein

Flagella are:

 

protein filaments that rotate allowing bacteria to move.

 proteins that help compact the nucleoid of bacteria.

 pentacyclic chemicals that stabilize the membranes of bacteria.

 protein filaments that allow for attachment of bacteria to a surface.

protein filaments that rotate allowing bacteria to move.

Which of the following is TRUE about endospores:

 

Endospores are metabolically dormant forms of bacteria.

 All bacteria can make endospores.

 Endospores are easily destroyed by washing surfaces with ethanol.

 The process of forming an endospore is faster than the normal process of cell growth and division.

Endospores are metabolically dormant forms of bacteria.

Using phase contrast microscopy on a wet mount of live cells, you observe motile bacilli moving rapidly through the field of view, changing directions after a brief tumble and taking off in a different direction. These cells are exhibiting:

 swimming/flagellar motility, due to the action of flagella.

 twitching motility, due to the action of pili.

 gliding motility, due to the action of fimbrae

 creeping motility, due to the presence of water.

 swimming/flagellar motility, due to the action of flagella.

Bacterial pili function: 

 to allow for twitching motility

 in the attachment of bacteria to a surface.

 allow for the exchange of genetic material.

All of the answers are possibly functions of pili.

All of the answers are possibly functions of pili.

The micrograph below depicts a bacterium with a/an _______________  arrangement of flagella.

monotrichous

peritrichous

 lophotrichous

 amphitrichous

monotrichous

______________ are structures found on the surface of some bacteria that assist the bacteria in attachment to surfaces, protect the bacteria from desiccation, and inhibit phagocytosis of the bacteria by immune cells.

Capsules

Pili

Flagella

Endospores

Capsules

True or False: the bacterial genome must be compacted via supercoiling in order to fit inside the bacterial cell.  

True

CHROMagar MRSA is a culture media that is designed to only grow Staphylococcus.  It contains a chromogenic substrate that will turn colonies Methicillin-Resistant-Staphylococcus aureus pink.  All other Staphylococcus species grow as colorless colonies on this media.  CHROMagar MRSA is an example of:

 

selective and differential media

selective media

differential media

synthetic media

selective and differential media

Autotrophs: 

utilize Carbon from CO₂.

 utilize Carbon from organic compounds.

 generate ATP from harnessing light energy

 are the sworn enemy of the Decepticon

utilize Carbon from CO₂.

A cell membrane is _______ , allowing ______ molecules to move across while tending to keep _______ in (or out).

 

semipermeable, water, solute

semipermeable, solute, water

permeable, water, solute

impermeable, solute, water

semipermeable, water, solute

_____________ is all of the biochemical reactions taking place in an organism.

 

Metabolism

Catabolism

 Anabolism

Catalysis

Metabolism

Competitive inhibition occurs when:

an inhibitor binds to the enzyme’s active site preventing it from binding substrate.

 an inhibitor binds to substrate and preventing it from binding the enzyme’s active site.

 an inhibitor binds to the substrate-enzyme complex preventing enzyme activity.

 an inhibitor binds to an alternate site in the enzyme changing the confirmation of the active site and preventing it from binding substrate.

an inhibitor binds to the enzyme’s active site preventing it from binding substrate.

____________ act as catalysts, __________ the activation energy of a specific reaction.

 

Enzymes, increasing

 Enzymes, lowering

Proteins, lowering

Proteins, increasing

Enzymes, lowering

Feedback inhibition hinders a metabolic pathway by:

 

having the product of the metabolic pathway destroy the initial substrate of the metabolic pathway.

 having the product of the metabolic pathway inhibit the activity of an enzyme required for an earlier reaction.

having the product of the metabolic pathway exported out of the cell.

having the product of the metabolic pathway destroy an enzyme required for an earlier reaction.

having the product of the metabolic pathway inhibit the activity of an enzyme required for an earlier reaction.

A holoenzyme is:

a non-functional enzyme that lacks it co-factor.

a functional enzyme-co-factor complex. 

a non-functional enzyme that does not require a co-factor.

a non-functional enzyme bound to an inhibitor.

a functional enzyme-co-factor complex.

Lithotrophs  ______________ to generate ATP.

oxidize organic chemicals (glucose, amino acids, fats, etc)

harvest light energy

 oxidize inorganic chemicals (H₂, Fe²⁺, H₂S, etc)

reduce inorganic chemicals (H₂, Fe²⁺, H₂S, etc)

oxidize inorganic chemicals (H₂, Fe²⁺, H₂S, etc)

True or False:  Twitching motility requires the rotation of pili in a clockwise fashion.

False

Which of the following is NOT true about enzymes?

 

Enzymes are reusable.

Enzymes are highly specific and generally catalyze a specific reaction.

All enzymes are proteins

Enzymes are catalysts that reduce the activation energy of biochemical reactions.

All enzymes are proteins

By dry weight, bacterial cells are mostly composed of: 

 Hydrogen

 Oxygen

 Nitrogen

Carbon

Carbon

Dr. Strummer is studying Thiobacillus thiooxidans, a lithoautotrophic bacterium. He asks you, his faithful laboratory technician to use the recipe below and make the media required to grow his bacterium. This media is best described as:

a complex media.

a starvation media.

a synthetic/defined media.

a differential media.

a synthetic/defined media.

________________ media allows for differentiation of bacteria via colony morphology and pure culture.

 

Liquid

Solid

Semi-solid

 Vapor

Solid

In a continuous culture, the amount of biomass/bacteria produced in the culture is dependent on the ________

 

concentration of the limiting nutrient.

concentration of glucose.

dilution rate.

none of the answers are correct.

concentration of the limiting nutrient.

Dr. Strummer decides to measure the growth of his liquid culture of bacteria using two different methods: reading the optical density of liquid culture at 600nm and plating dilutions of the liquid culture and counting the colony forming units.  The cell count obtained by the optical density measurement and the colony forming unit assay will be the LEAST proportional to each other during:

 

death phase

exponential/log phase 

stationary phase

 lag phase

death phase

Genetically modified bacteria are commonly used to manufacture consumer health goods like insulin and antibiotics.  Which of the following terms best describes the culture method used in biomanufacturing?

Batch Culture

Synthetic Culture

Continuous Culture

Defined Culture

Continuous Culture

Bacteria increase in mass during which stage of the cell cycle?

 B period

 C period

A period

D period

B period

The time between inoculation of bacteria into liquid media and the beginning of growth is usually called the: 

growth phase.

 lag phase.

death phase.

exponential/log phase.

lag phase.

Dr. Strummer is growing a culture of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Nutrient broth.  He begins by inoculating the nutrient broth with 50 bacteria.  He allows the bacteria to grow for 2 hours.  The generation time for S. pneumoniae in nutrient broth is 60 minutes.  How many bacteria will Dr. Strummer have in his culture at the end of the experiment?

N_t = N₀ x 2ⁿ ; log₁₀ (N_t/N₀) / 0.301 = n ; k = n/t; g = 1/k; g = t

 

400

100

800

200

200

Dr. Strummer is growing a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli in MacConkey Broth.  He inoculated the culture broth with 50 bacteria. After 4 hours of growth, Dr. Strummer uses a plate Colony Unit Assay and determines his culture now has 15,000 bacteria what is the approximate generation time of the bacteria?

N_t = N₀ x 2ⁿ ; log₁₀ (N_t/N₀) / 0.301 = n ; k = n/t; g = 1/k; g = t

30 minutes

60 minutes

90 minutes

100 minutes

30 minutes

Which of the following best describes synthetic media:

 

A media that contains chemicals to indicate bacterial species that possess or lack a biochemical process.

 A media whose exact chemical composition is unknown.

 A media that contains ingredients to inhibit growth of certain bacterial species, but allow the growth of others

A media whose exact chemical composition is known.

A media whose exact chemical composition is known.

The tendency of a biological system to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus that would tend to disturb its normal condition or function is referred to as:

 heterostasis

homeostasis

equilibrium

balance

homeostasis

After testifying against his criminal conspirators, Tekashi69, real name Daniel Hernandez, has just entered the FBI witness protection program.  While working at his new day job in construction, Tekashi69 "falls" from a two story window, leaving him unable to walk and in incredible pain.  His handler, Jack Webb, takes Tekashi69 to his local area hospital hoping that his prominent facial tattoos will not blow his cover.  Physician's diagnose Tekashi69 with a shattered hip and say he is in need of  an immediate hip joint replacement.  Dr. Octagon, the consulting orthopedic surgeon, prepares for surgery but notices the packaging of the hip prosthetic he needs to use has been compromised and is no longer sterile.  The prosthetic is composed of metal and plastic, stable at temperatures under 100^oC, sensitive to ionizing radiation, and chemically non-reactive.  Which sterilization technique would you recommend Dr. Octagon use to sterilize the hip prosthetic? 

Autoclave

 Formaldehyde Gas Vapor

Dry Heat Oven

X-ray Sterilization

Formaldehyde Gas Vapor

An antiseptic is distinguished from other chemical disinfectants by:

 

its ability to inhibit growth of microorganisms but not necessarily kill all of them.

its ability to protect from subsequent microbial infections—not just initial sterilization.

 its ability to be used on living tissues without harm.

its ability to kill all bacteria and microscopic fungi but not being effective against viruses.

its ability to be used on living tissues without harm.

Dr. Strummer is comparing three chemical disinfectants, Lysol, tincture of iodine, and chloramine, for their ability to kill Staphylococcus aureus.  Lysol has a phenol coefficient of 3.5.  Tincture of iodine has a phenol coefficient of 6.3. Chloramine has a phenol coefficient of 133.  Which chemical agent is the least effective at killing Staphylococcus aureus? 

 

tincture of iodine

chloramine

Lysol

It is impossible for me to tell with the information provided.

Lysol

Sterilization indicates 

 

the elimination of pathogenic microbes.

a form of radiation used to prevent microbial growth.

 the elimination of all microbes.

using chemicals to disinfect tissues.

the elimination of all microbes.

Soap combined with hot water is considered": 

a low level disinfectant.

a mid level disinfectant.

a high level disinfectant

not effective at reducing microbial content.

a low level disinfectant.

In an oxidation reduction reaction, the substance reduced _____ electrons and the substance oxidized _____ electrons.

gains, loses

loses, gains

gains. gains

loses, loses

gains, loses

True or false: Cellular energy can be stored in the form of ATP

False

Which of the following is TRUE about the Citric Acid Cycle?

 

The Citric Acid Cycle requires 2 NADH and generates 2 ATP, for each glucose molecule catabolized.

The Citric Acid Cycle is utilized during fermentation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

The Citric Acid Cycle catabolizes glucose generating 4 ATP and 2 acetyl-CoA.

FAD+ is required for the Citric Acid Cycle.

FAD+ is required for the Citric Acid Cycle.

Which of the following metabolic pathways generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?

Glycolysis

 Electron Transport System

Citric Acid Cycle

Fermentation

Electron Transport System

Glycolysis converts glucose into two _____ carbon molecules of pyruvate, generating a net _____ ATP  and _____ NADH.

3, 2, 2

4, 3, 2

2, 2, 2

2, 3, 4

3, 2, 2

Glycolysis and the Citric Acid cycle generate ATP via:

 

oxidative phosphorylation

 substrate-level phosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation AND oxidative phosphorylation

None of the answers are correct.  Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle do not generate ATP.  

substrate-level phosphorylation

The Proton Motive Force or  Δp, generated by the pumping of protons from the cytoplasm to the periplasmic space creates:

an electrical potential (Δψ) based on the charge difference between the cytoplasm and periplasm.

a pH difference (ΔpH) based on the difference in chemical concentration of H⁺ between the cytoplasm and periplasm.

both an electrical potential (Δψ) and pH difference (ΔpH).

None of the above are correct.

both an electrical potential (Δψ) and pH difference (ΔpH).

Electrons are transferred between proteins in the electron transport chain using:

 

Shuttle Proteins

Retinal

Quinones 

Fatty Acids

Quinones

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is:

 

H₂O

ATP

NO₃^-

O₂

O₂

UV irradiation works as a disinfectant procedure because:

 

it damages bacteria cell walls.

it denatures bacterial proteins 

it damages bacterial DNA by causing the formation of Thymine dimers.

it damages bacterial membranes.

it damages bacterial DNA by causing the formation of Thymine dimers.

A bacterium that uses glucose as an energy source has been isolated from an anaerobic environment.  After growth of the bacterium in an anaerobic culture, Dr. Strummer observes the bacterium producing methane gas (CH₄).  The pH of the media does not change.  Which of the following processes is the bacteria utilizing?

 

Anaerobic Respiration 

Aerobic Respiration 

Fermentation

Sporulation

Anaerobic Respiration

Which one of the following is NOT utilized in both aerobic respiration and fermentation?

 NAD⁺

Glucose

 ATP

FADH₂

FADH₂

The unique tart flavor of Swiss cheese is a result of the bacteria Propionibacterium freudenreichii being added to milk.  This bacteria produces propionic acid as result of which metabolic process?

 

Aerobic Respiration

 Fermentation

Anaerobic Respiration

 The Electron Transport System

Fermentation

The Proton Motive Force or  Δp, generated by the pumping of protons from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space creates:

 

an electrical potential (Δψ) based on the charge difference between the cytoplasm and periplasm.

a pH difference (ΔpH) based on the difference in chemical concentration of H⁺ between the cytoplasm and periplasm.

both an electrical potential (Δψ) and pH difference (ΔpH).

None of the above are correct.

both an electrical potential (Δψ) and pH difference (ΔpH).

Fermentation converts  ______ allowing for organisms to continue to use _______.

 

NADH to NAD⁺,  the Electron Transport System

FADH₂ to FAD⁺,  Glycolysis

 NADH to NAD⁺,  Glycolysis

FADH₂ to FAD⁺,  the Citric Acid Cycle

NADH to NAD⁺,  Glycolysis

_________ makes more ATP than ________ which makes more ATP than __________.  

 

Anaerobic Respiration, Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation

Fermentation, Aerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Respiration,

Aerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Respiration, Fermentation

Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation, Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Respiration, Fermentation

Glycolysis and the Citric Acid cycle generate ATP via:

 

substrate-level phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation AND oxidative phosphorylation

None of the answers are correct.  Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle do not generate ATP.  

substrate-level phosphorylation

Dr. Strummer is conducting a series of experiments to examine the aerobic respiration of Escherichia coli grown in three different chemically defined media each with a single carbon source: either glucose (a sugar), glycine (an amino acid), or phosphotidyl inositol (a lipid).  Which of the following statements correctly describes the results of his experiments?

 

 

Bacteria will not grow in the phosphotidyl inositol media because lipid cannot be used to generate ATP

Bacteria grown in glycine media will generate more ATP than bacteria grown in glucose media.

Bacteria grown in phosphotidyl inositol media will generate the same amount of ATP as bacteria grown in glucose media.

Bacteria grown in glucose media will generate more ATP than bacteria grown in glycine media.

Bacteria grown in glucose media will generate more ATP than bacteria grown in glycine media.

A bacterium that uses glucose as an energy source has been isolated from an anaerobic environment.  After growth of the bacterium in an anaerobic culture, Dr. Strummer observes the bacterium producing methane gas (CH₄).  The pH of the media does not change.  Which of the following processes is the bacteria utilizing?

Aerobic Respiration

Fermentation

Sporulation

Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Lithotrophs  ______________ to generate ATP.

 

oxidize inorganic chemicals (H₂, Fe²⁺, H₂S, etc) 

oxidize organic chemicals (glucose, amino acids, fats, etc) 

harvest light energy

reduce inorganic chemicals (H₂, Fe²⁺, H₂S, etc)

oxidize inorganic chemicals (H₂, Fe²⁺, H₂S, etc) 

Fermentation converts  ______ allowing for organisms to continue to use _______.

 NADH to NAD⁺,  the Electron Transport System

 NADH to NAD⁺,  Glycolysis

FADH₂ to FAD⁺,  Glycolysis

FADH₂ to FAD⁺,  the Citric Acid Cycle

NADH to NAD⁺,  Glycolysis

In Bacteriorhodopsin

 

a photon of light is absorbed by retinal, which shifts its configuration from trans to cis pumping out 1 H⁺

a photon of light is harvested to photolyse an electron donor molecule like H₂S, Fe²⁺, or succinate.  

a photon of light is harvested to photolyse H₂O.  

a photon of light is harvested to transfer an electron from chlorophyll to photosystem I.  

a photon of light is absorbed by retinal, which shifts its configuration from trans to cis pumping out 1 H⁺

Which of the following Photosystems does NOT generate NADH or NADPH?  

 

Anaerobic Photosystem I 

Anaerobic Photosystem II

Oxygenic Photosystem (Z- Pathway)

All of the above pathways generate NADH or NADPH.

Anaerobic Photosystem II

The Calvin Cycle utilizes ______ to generate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate which can be used as a precursor for biosynthesis of glucose, amino acids and co-enzymes.

 

CO₂, ATP, and NADH

Glucose, ATP,  and NAD⁺

CO₂, H₂O, ATP, and NADPH

Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, and NAD⁺

CO₂, H₂O, ATP, and NADPH

Intermediates from ______ can be utilized to produce amino acids.

Glycolysis

 the Citric Acid Cycle

 Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle 

Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the Electron Transport System

Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle 

Photolysis refers to:

 

the excitation of a light-absorbing pigment.

the light-driven breakdown of glucose to generate ATP

 the light-driven separation of an electron from a donor molecule

the light-driven production of ATP by ATP Synthase

the light-driven separation of an electron from a donor molecule.

How are plasmids different than chromosomes?

 

Plasmids carry unimportant genes that are of little significance for the ecology and metabolism of an organism.

Plasmids are composed of single-stranded DNA.

Plasmids are always small, linear pieces of DNA.

Plasmids contain genes that are NOT essential for cellular growth and replication in all conditions.

Plasmids contain genes that are NOT essential for cellular growth and replication in all conditions.

The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by:

5' to 3' attraction.

 codons.

 hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases.

peptide bonds between nucleotide bases.

hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases.

Binding and polymerization of _____ allows for DNA strand separation at _____ initiating DNA replication.

 

DnaA, oriC 

Primase, oriR

DnaB, dnaC

ribosome, Shine Dalgarno sequence

DnaA, oriC 

During DNA replication, how are Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand are processed?

DnaA removes RNA primers, DNA Polymerase III synthesizes DNA to fill the gaps and connect the DNA fragments.

 RNAse H removes RNA primers, DNA Polymerase I synthesizes DNA to fill the gaps and connect the DNA fragments.

 RNAse H removes RNA primers, DNA Polymerase I synthesizes DNA to fill the gaps and DNA ligase connects the DNA fragments.

RNAse H removes RNA primers, DNA Polymerase III synthesizes DNA to fill the gaps and connect the DNA fragments.

RNAse H removes RNA primers, DNA Polymerase I synthesizes DNA to fill the gaps and DNA ligase connects the DNA fragments.

Double stranded DNA is replicated semi-conservatively in the mother cell to create two sister chromosomes, one for each daughter cell.  Semi-conservative replication means that:

 

one sister chromosome is composed of two template strands of DNA and the other sister chromosome is composed two newly replicated strands of DNA.

each strand of DNA of in the new sister chromosomes contains both template DNA and new DNA fragments.

each strand of DNA of in the new sister chromosomes contains both template DNA and new RNA fragments.

each sister chromosome is composed of one template strand of DNA and one newly replicated strand of DNA.

each sister chromosome is composed of one template strand of DNA and one newly replicated strand of DNA.

True or False:  DNA replication in prokaryotes is unidirectional, with one replisome complex replicating the entire chromosome.  

False

Tus and ter sites are involved in which portion of the DNA Replication process:

 

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

 Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

Termination

In Photosystem II the electron donor utilized during photolysis is:

 

H₂O

chlorophyll 

H₂S

NADH

chlorophyll

During DNA replication _______ lays down a _______ primer that is utilized by DNA polymerase.  

PriA, RNA 

PriA, DNA

DnaA, RNA

DnaA, DNA

PriA, RNA 

In Oxygenic Photosynthesis the electron donor utilized during photolysis is:

O₂

Fe³⁺

H₂O

succinate

H₂O

The energy for photosynthesis derives from the _________ of a light-absorbing pigment called _________.

 

photolysis, chlorophyl

 photoexcitation, chlorophyl

photoexcitation, succinate 

photolysis, succinate

photoexcitation, chlorophyl