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Sensation
The stimulation of sense organs.
Perception
The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
Cones
Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight and color vision.
Rods
Specialized visual receptors for night vision and peripheral vision.
Adaptation
The process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination.
Trichromatic Theory
A theory stating human eyes have 3 receptors with differing sensitivity to wavelengths of light.
Color Blindness
A variety of deficiencies in the ability to distinguish among colors.
Perceptual Set
A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way.
Bottom-Up Processing
A progression from individual elements to the whole.
Top-Down Processing
A progression from the whole to the individual elements.
Thalamus
A part of the brain where senses, excluding smell, pass through to get to the cerebral cortex.
Cerebral Cortex
The area of the brain that processes sensory information.
Auditory Localization
The ability to locate the source of a sound in space.
Gustatory System
The sensory system for the sense of taste.
Sensory Adaptation
The gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation.
Gate Control Theory
The theory that pain sensations must pass through a 'gate' to the brain that can be closed to block pain signals.
Biological Rhythms
Periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning.
Circadian Rhythms
24-hour biological cycles that influence various body functions.
Sleep Stages
The different phases of sleep, including non-REM and REM.
Sleep Deprivation
Impaired attention, reaction time, motor coordination, and decision-making due to lack of sleep.
Freud's Dream Theory
Suggests dreams are a form of wish fulfillment that is not obvious.
Activation-Synthesis Model
The theory that dreams result from the brain synthesizing random neural signals.
Hypnosis
A systematic procedure typically producing heightened suggestibility.
Narcotics
Opiates that relieve pain and induce overwhelming euphoria.
Reinforcement
An event following a response that increases the tendency to make that response.
Punishment
An event following a response that decreases the tendency to make that response.
Conditioned Response
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response.
Latent Learning
Learning that isn't apparent from behavior when it first occurs.
Preparedness
Species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways.
Stimulus Generalization
Using a learned response on similar stimuli.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure.
Observational Learning
Learning influenced by observing others.
Retention
Storing a mental representation for later recall.
Motivation
The willingness to reproduce a learned response.
Conditioned Taste Aversion
A learned aversion to a food that occurs after illness.
Sensation
The stimulation of sense organs.
Perception
The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
Cones
Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision.
Rods
Specialized visual receptors for night vision and peripheral vision.
Adaptation
The process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination.
Trichromatic Theory
Theory stating that human eyes have three receptors with differing sensitivity to wavelengths of light (RGB).
Color Blindness
A variety of deficiencies in the ability to distinguish colors.
Perceptual Set
A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way.
Bottom-Up Processing
A progression from individual elements to the whole.
Top-Down Processing
A progression from the whole to the elements.
Thalamus
The part of the brain that processes senses (excluding smell) and sends them to the cerebral cortex.
Auditory Localization
Locating the source of a sound in space.
Gustatory System
The sensory system for the sense of taste, involving taste cells in taste buds.
Sensory Adaptation
Gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation.
Gate Control Theory
A theory stating that pain sensations must pass through a 'gate' in the spinal cord that can be closed, blocking pain signals.
Consciousness
Awareness of internal and external stimuli, including events and sensations.
Circadian Rhythms
Periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning that follow a 24-hour cycle.
NREM Sleep
Stages of sleep that are not characterized by rapid eye movements.
REM Sleep
Stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, dreaming, and high brain activity.
Hypnosis
A systematic procedure typically producing heightened suggestibility.
Narcotics
Drugs that relieve pain and induce overwhelming euphoria.
Reinforcement
The process where an event following a response increases the likelihood of that response being repeated.
Punishment
An event following a response that decreases the likelihood of that response being repeated.
Conditioned Stimulus
A learned stimulus that evokes a conditioned response.
Extinction
Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the stimulus.
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others.
Motivation
The drive that influences the reproduction of a learned response.
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