Human Anatomy & Physiology Exam #4

what does the central nervous system consist of?

brain and spinal cord

is white matter myelinated or unmyelinated?

myelinated

does gray or white matter have faster communication?

white matter

do tracts belong to white or gray matter?

white matter

is gray matter myelinated or unmyelinated?

unmyelinated

does gray or white matter have slower communication?

gray matter

nuclei belongs to gray or white matter?

gray matter

what protects the brain?

bones, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier

what bones protect the brain?

cranial and facial bones

what are the parts of the meninges that protects the brain?

the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

the dura mater is the ____ _____ layer of the meninges?

outer most

what are the layers of the dura mater?

periosteal and meningeal layer

what layer of the dura mater is the most superficial?

periosteal layer

what layer of the dura mater is the most deep?

meningeal layer

where is the arachnoid mater located?

deep to the dura mater

what is the subarachnoid space?

the area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

what is the role of subarachnoid space in protecting the brain?

it contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

where is the pia mater located?

deep to the arachnoid mater

what are the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?

shock absorber, optimal chemical environment for neurons, and circulation

what is the function shock absorber in the cerebrospinal fluid mean?

acts as a cushion for the brain to float in cranial cavity and prevents crashing against bones

what is the function optimal chemical environment for neurons in the cerebrospinal fluid mean?

selective entry of substances from blood into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

what is the function circulation in the cerebrospinal fluid mean?

nutrients are filtered from blood, waste removal, and circulation within cavities and subarachnoid space occurs

what does the blood-brain barrier consist of?

capillaries, thick basement membrane, and astrocytes

what are the substances that can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier?

oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, and nonpolar and lipid based molecules (alcohol)

what is the protective safeguard of the blood-brain barrier?

separates CSF and brain ECF from chemicals and diseases causing organisms

what substance is prevented from crossing the blood-brain barrier?

most large polar molecules

what is meningitis?

a potentially life threatening infection of meninges in the subarachnoid space

inflammation causes what signs of meningitis?

headache, lethargy, stiff neck, and fever

how can you get diagnosed with meningitis?

examination of CSF for infectious agents and white blood cells

what are the most common causes of meningitis?

bacteria and viruses

if meningitis is caused by viral its?

generally mild and resolves in 1-2 weeks

if meningitis is caused by bacteria is can?

rapidly progress to brain involvement and death

aggressive antibiotic treatment is necessary is meningitis is caused by?

bacteria

most common forms of meningitis caused by bacteria are preventable with?

vaccines

where in the brain is cerebrospinal fluid located?

ventricles and subarachnoid space

where in the spinal cord is cerebrospinal fluid located?

central canal and subarachnoid space

what are capillaries?

tight junctions with no gaps in lining

what is hydrocephalus?

an imbalanced amount of CSF made and filtered out into the bloodstream

buildup of CSF puts pressure on the?

brain

what is the treatment for hydrocephalus?

shunt excess fluid from brain to abdomen

the brain has a ____ blood flow?

high

what is required in the blood flow of the brain?

oxygen and glucose

how does the brain use oxygen and glucose?

to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

what happens if theres no glucose in the brain?

mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and loss of consciousness

what happens if theres no oxygen in the brain?

you briefly lose consciousness

if the brain does not have oxygen for more than four minutes, what happens?

permanent cell damage

the brain has billions of?

neurons and neuroglia

what are the different parts of the brain?

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem, ——————————————

what happens in the cerebrum?

conscious thought processes and origin of intellectual functions

what percent of the brains mass is the cerebrum?

83%

the cerebrum has __ hemispheres?

2

the cerebrum has __ lobes?

5

what are the layers of the cerebrum?

outer gray, middle white matter, and inner gray

the outer gray layer is?

the cerebral cortex

the middle white matter is?

the myelinated axon tracts

the inner gray layer is?

the basal nuclei

what is the gyrus?

the elevation of the cerebrum

what is the sulcus?

the grooves of the cerebrum

what is the fissure?

the deep grooves of the cerebrum

what is the central sulcus?

it separates the frontal and parietal lobe

what is the lateral fissure?

it separates the frontal and temporal bone

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

it separates the parietal and occipital lobe

what are the lobes of the cerebrum?

parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital, and insula

where is the insula located?

its buried deep under the temporal lobe

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

motor control

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

sensory processes

ventricles contain?

choroid plexuses

what is the choroid plexuses?

clusters of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells

what does the choroid plexuses produce?

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

what is the red area?

subarachnoid space

what is the red area?

skin of scalp

what is the red area?

periosteum

what is the red area?

bone of skull

what is the red area?

periosteal layer

what is the red area?

meningeal layer

what is the red area?

arachnoid mater

what is the red area?

pia mater

what is included in the brain stem?

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

what is the red area?

cerebrum

what is the red area?

diencephalon

what is the red area?

cerebellum

what is the red area?

midbrain

what is the red area?

pons

what is the red area?

medulla oblongata

what is the red area?

gyrus

what is the red area?

fissure

what is the red area?

sulcus

what is the red area?

central sulcus

what is the red area?

lateral fissure

what is the red area?

parieto-occipital sulcus

what is the red area?

frontal lobe

what is the red area?

parietal lobe

what is the red area?

occipital lobe

what is the red area?

temporal lobe

what is the red area?

insula

the cerebral cortex is part of which brain area?

the cerebrum

what is the cerebral cortex?

the outermost layer of gray matter

what are the functional areas in the cerebral cortex?

motor, sensory, and accessory

what is the motor functional area in the cerebral cortex?

it controls voluntary movement

what is the sensory functional area in the cerebral cortex?

it has conscious awareness of sensation