Brain Scans, Learning, and Pedagogy - Lecture Notes

Practice flashcards covering brain scans, learning processes, brain regions for music, Gardner's intelligences, Bruner, Piaget, culturally relevant pedagogy, and exam format based on the notes.

Are CAT scans (CT) functional or structural, and what information do they provide?

Structural imaging showing the brain's internal anatomy; used to diagnose tumors, damage, and abnormalities.

Are MRI scans functional or structural, and what information do they provide?

Structural imaging of the brain's internal structure; useful for diagnosing tumors, damage, and abnormalities.

What is the purpose and mechanism of a PET scan?

A functional imaging test using a radiotracer injected into the subject; more brain activity yields more radiation; activity is displayed on a computer.

What does an fMRI measure and how accurate is it?

Dynamic imaging of brain activity by comparing oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin; colors indicate more active areas; about half-inch accuracy.

What additional information can fMRI provide according to the notes?

It can record levels of chemicals in the brain and identify activated areas and key chemicals.

What environmental stimuli initiate learning according to the chart?

Hearing, Sight, Smell, Taste, and Touch.

What are the components of the sensory register?

Attention and Perception.

What is needed for encoding to move information into long-term memory?

Encoding needs something to attach to in order to be in long-term memory.

What happens in long-term memory retrieval?

Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information; practice helps understanding and remembering.

Which brain region is primarily associated with movement and playing instruments in the context of music?

Motor Cortex.

Which brain region is involved in reading music and observing movements?

Visual Cortex.

What role does the cerebellum play in music?

Movement (foot tapping, dancing, playing an instrument) and involvement in emotional reactions to music.

What is Howard Gardner's Linguistic intelligence?

Ability to understand and use words; excel in public speaking and writing.

What is Logical-Mathematical intelligence?

Ability to detect patterns, reason deductively, and think logically.

What is Musical intelligence?

Ability to think and communicate through sounds; hear and create forms and structures.

What is Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence?

Using one's body to solve problems and express ideas through gesture; dancers and athletes.

What is Spatial intelligence?

Ability to perceive, organize, and transform space; recognize patterns, colors, and shapes.

What is Interpersonal intelligence?

Ability to understand moods, feelings, and intentions of others; work effectively with people.

What is Intrapersonal intelligence?

Ability to understand oneself; appreciation of one's own feelings and motivations.

What is Naturalistic intelligence?

Ability to recognize, categorize, and draw upon features of nature; awareness of environment.

What is Jerome Bruner's spiral curriculum?

Introduction of a concept at one level and revisiting at successive levels with deeper understanding; later teaching builds on earlier experiences.

What is Enactive learning?

Learning by doing; hands-on activities lead to intuitive understanding.

What is Iconic learning?

Students transform pictures and graphs into representative concepts.

What is Symbolic learning?

Students transform symbols (such as notes) into meaning and action.

What is Aural learning?

Involves musical opportunities; singing, listening to recordings, or using rhymes; music is an aural art.

What is Visual learning?

Uses visual representations like writing on the board, pictures, graphs, or maps.

What is Kinesthetic learning?

Involves gesture or movement; use of manipulatives and sign language.

What are Piaget's Sensorimotor stage characteristics?

0-2 years; motor-action learning.

What are Piaget's Preoperational stage characteristics?

3-7 years; intuitive learning.

What are Piaget's Concrete Operational stage characteristics?

8-11 years; logical with concrete experiences.

What are Piaget's Formal Operational stage characteristics?

12-15 years; abstract thinking.

What is culturally relevant pedagogy?

Building authenticity and modeling respect; acknowledge the 'more knowledgeable other'.

What is the exam format described in the notes?

There are 12 questions totaling 75 points; point values vary by question type; mix of question types; you may skip around and edit before submission.