BIOL2141 Lab Practical 2

joint

Arthro (prefix)

with or together

Syn (prefix)

Sym (prefix)

variation of Syn prefix; a growing together

two or double 

Di (prefix)

two or both

Amphi (prefix)

articulation

Arthroses (suffix)

cartilage

Chondro (suffix)

Articulations

hold bones together, allow body movements

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

3 structural types of joints

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

3 functional types of articulations

Synarthroses

immovable (axial skeleton-cartilaginous and fibrous joints)

Amphiarthroses

slightly movable (axial skeleton-cartilaginous)

Diarthroses

freely movable (limbs-synovial)

Suture

Fibrous joint-Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull

Syndesmosis

Fibrous joint-Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures

Gomphosis

fibrous joint-short periodontal ligament

Synchondroses

cartilaginous joint-bones united by hyaline cartilage

Symphyses

cartilaginous joint-bones united by fibrocartilage

Plane

synovial joint-allows sliding (nonaxial) movements in 1 or 2 planes (ex: intercarpal

Hinge

synovial joint-allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial)-flexion and extension (ex: elbow)

Pivot

synovial joint-allows rotational movement in 1 axis (ex: radioulnar joint)

Condyloid

synovial joint-allows biaxial movements in 2 planes (ex: radiocarpal)

Saddle

synovial joint-allows movement in 2 planes (biaxial)

Ball and Socket

synovial joint-allows multiaxial movement (ex: shoulder and hip joints)

Flexion

Movement of synovial joint-decreases the angle of joint. Reduces distance between 2 bones 

Extension

movement of synovial joint-increases angle of a joint. Increases distance between 2 bones 

Hyperextension

movement of synovial joint-increasing angle greater than 180 degrees

Dorsiflexion

movement specific to foot-foot moves upwards

Plantar flexion

movement specific to foot-foot flexes downwards

Abduction

limb moves away from the midline

Adduction

limb moves towards midline

Rotation

move bone around its longitudinal axis

Circumduction

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Supination

radius and ulna parallel

Pronation

radius moves across ulna

Inversion

turn foot medially

Eversion

Turn foot laterally

Protraction

anterior movement in a transverse plane

Retraction

posterior movement in a transverse plane

Elevation

moving a body part superiorly

Depression

moving a body part inferiorly

Opposition

touch thumb to finger tips-made possible by thumb saddle joint

cranial and facial bones

Articulating Bones of Skull

temporal bone of skull and mandible 

articulating bones of temporomandibular joint

atlas (c1) and axis (c2)

articulating bones of atlantoaxial joint

between adjacent vertebral bodies

articulating bones of intervertebral joint

sternum and clavicle

articulating bones of sternoclavicular joint

acromion of scapula and clavicle

articulating bones of acromio-clavicular joint

scapula and humerus

articulating bones of shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

ulna (and radius) with humerus

articulating bones of elbow

radius and ulna

articulating bones of radioulnar (proximal) joint

adjacent carpals

articulating bones of intercarpal joint

carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal 1

articulating bones of carpometacarpal of digit 1 (thumb)

metacarpal and proximal phalanx 

articulating bones of knuckle (metacarpophalangeal) joint

pubic bones

articulating bones of pubic symphysis

hip bone and femur

articulating bones of hip (coxal)

femur and tibia

articulating bones of knee (tibiofemoral) joint

tibia and fibula (distally)

articulating bones of tibiofibular joint

Knee joint

largest and most complex joint in the body-only

Shoulder joint

most freely moving joint in the body

Articular Capsule

fibrous capsule + synovial membrane

articular cartilage

 All synovial joints have ___________  _________ covering the bone surface 

reinforcing ligaments

All synovial joints have _______ _________

fibrocartilage

Synovial joints may have _____________ pads within a capsule

Synovial Joint

freely movable joint with a cavity containing fluid

Cartilaginous Joints

slightly movable joints with no joint cavity

synchondrosis

name the specific type of cartilaginous joint 

symphysis

name the specific type of cartilaginous joint

Plane joint

name the specific type of synovial joint

Hinge joint

name the specific type of synovial joint

Pivot joint

name the specific type of synovial joint

condyloid joint

name the specific type of synovial joint

saddle joint

name the specific type of synovial joint 

Ball and socket joint

name the specific type of synovial joint

Iliofemoral ligament

name the starred ligament

Ischiofemoral ligament

name the starred ligament

Pubofemoral ligament

name the starred ligament

Tendon of quadriceps femoris 

Name the structure indicated by #7

suprapatellar bursa 

Name the structure indicated by #8

patella

name the structure indicated by #9

subcutaneous prepatellar bursa 

Name the structure indicated by #10

synovial cavity

Name the structure indicated by #11

Lateral meniscus

Name the structure indicated by #4

Deep infrapatellar bursa 

Name the structure indicated by #13

Infrapatellar fat pad

Name the structure indicated by #12

Patellar ligament

Name the structure indicated by #14

Tibia

Name the structure indicated by #6

Anterior cruciate ligament

Name the structure indicated by #5

Posterior cruciate ligament

Name the structure indicated by #3

Articular capsule 

Name the structure indicated by #2

Femur 

Name the structure indicated by #1

Tibial collateral ligament 

name the starred structure

Fibular collateral ligament

Name the starred structure

Lateral condyle of femur

Name the starred structure 

Lateral meniscus 

name the starred structure 

Tibia 

Name the starred structure 

fibula

name the starred structure

quadriceps tendon

name the starred structure

patella

name the starred structure

patellar ligament 

name the starred structure