memory

memory

learning that persists over time

human memory is a ____ system

interpretive

reconstructive process

perception of event (puzzle)

information undergoes systematic changes as it is processed

encoding

process of getting information into the memory system

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information

implicit memories

automatic processing, learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

ex. riding a bike

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

explicit memories

effortful processing, facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall

ex. school

storage

retention of encoded material over time; holding on to info

access and retrieval

the location and recovery of info from memory; pulling info from storage

three-stage model

external event—>sensory—> working/short-term—> long term—> short term

sensory memory

briefly holds information from our environment and feeds our working memory; no meaningful encoding; a few Seconds

working/short-term memory

attaches meaning to sensory memory info by integrating it with info in long-term memory; attention, 20-30 seconds, can hold about 7 pieces of info- CIA FBI example

mental workspace

chunking

organizing items in to manageable chunks

mnemonics

memory aids (acronyms, rhymes, stories, imagery)

spacing effect

distributed study practice to yield better long-term retention than cramming

personal meaning

relating an event from personal experience to help associate and memory

long-term memory

long term storage of information, unlimited capacity and duration, contains schemas

flashbulb memories

longterm, a clear and vivid LT memory of an especially meaningful event

ex. day izzy died

episodic

memory of personally experienced events or “episodes”

semantic

memory of facts and general knowledge

schema

web of knowledge or association in semantic memory, gives context for understanding an event, provides framework for interpretation

ex. sandlot on whiteboard from class

procedural memories

our memory of “how” to do something, space time and frequency memories, associations such as those in classical conditioning

key brain areas

cerebellum and basal ganglia

cerebellum

The cerebellum is a brain region that controls coordination, balance, and motor control. Damage to the cerebellum can cause issues with motor skills, coordination, and balance

back of brain

basal ganglia

The brain region responsible for motor control, reward, and habit formation also regulates muscle tone and movement coordination. ase.

amygdala activation

when events come with greater emotions were more likely to remember them

successful retrieval of memories

how memories were encoded, how memories are cued

retrieval cues

stimuli used to bring a memory to consciousness or cue a behavior

priming

the activation often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

hear and here example from class

recall

retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information

recognition

retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented

ex. multiple choice question

encoding specificity principle

The principle stating that memory retrieval is most effective when the context and cues at encoding match those at retrieval.

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, influenced by nature and nurture

instinct theory

focuses on instincts, behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unearned (nature)

replaced my evolutionary perspective

evolutionary perspective

the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

our preference for high calorie food

perspective

a point of view or general standpoint from which different things are viewed, physically or mentally

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

physiological needs

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

drive-reduction theory

physiological needs creates an aroused state (or drive) that moves an organism to satisfy the need

Homestasis

the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment

incentive

a reason for doing something; something that stimulates action

arousal theory

some behaviors can increase arousal, special interest in the relationship between arousal and performance

yerkes-dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

hierarchy of needs

theorized that we are motivated to fulfill needs in priority order

physiological needs

1st level, need to satisfy hunger and thirst

safety needs

2nd level, need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

belongingness and love needs

3rd level, need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation

esteem needs

4th level, need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

self-actualization needs

5th level, need to live up to our fullest and unique potential

self-transcendence needs

6th level, need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

need for affiliation

desire to associate with others, to be part of a group, to form close and intimate relationships

self-determination theory

theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

narcassism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

grit

in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

"I just like it" inside, internal

extrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, directly related to operant conditioning

external, good when we aren't intrinsically motivated

Overjustification

extrinsic rewards reduce internal intrinsic motivation, except through performance

emotion

special class of motives that help us respond to important situations and communicate our intentions to others

James-Lange Theory (theory of emotion)

emotions result from attention to our bodily arousal following a stimulus

see bear> heart beats faster> afraid

Cannon-Bard Theory (theories of emotion)

the subjective feeling and bodily arousal occur separately yet simultaneously following a stimulus.

see bear> afraid and heart beats faster

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory (theory of emotion)

the first theory to take cognitive appraisal into account

bodily arousal+ cognitive appraisal= emotional experience (what we tell ourselves)

bridge theory

bridge theory (schachter singers 2 factor theory)

discovered how a stirred up satte can be experienced as different emotions

one man crosses a stable bridge and when asked to tell a story it was not sexual

one man crossed an unstable bridge and when asked to tell a story it typically involved sexual content

polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

slow response system (theory of emotion)

"high road" more complete appraisals of incoming stimuli, good for complex feelings, conscious and linked to explicit memory, relatively slow and thoughtful

fast response system (theory of emotion)

"low road" enables fast emotional response before our intellect intervenes, outside conscious awareness, can act as an early warning system

expressing emotions

our brain is an amazing detector of subtle expressions helping most of us read nonverbal cues as well

identifying emotions

detect signs of trustworthiness, attraction, and threat, hard to detect deceit, the primary emotions are easiest

IN CLASS ACTIVITY of facial expressions

women are better at it than men

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

smiling in class to increase mood

basic/primary emotions

- happiness

- interest'

- disgust

- anger

- sadness

- fear

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions